Evaluation of fertility and grow th of a diallelic cross of tw o lines, Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni X O. mykiss

Authors: Zamora Balbuena, G (M.V.Z.)

Year: 2002 (xxxiv)

Abstract

In November 20 00, se veral adults of an end emic rainbow t rout subspecies, Oncorhynchus myki ss nelsoni (Evermann), were collected from San Rafael Creek in the Sierra San Pedro Mártir of Baja California, and transported alive to El Zarco Aquaculture Center of the federal Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fishing and Foods (SAGARPA) in the State of México. In February 2001, artificial reproduction techniques led to a complete dialelic cro ssing of two lin eages: the end emic rain bow t rout and a line of domestic rainbow trou t, Oncorhynchus mykiss, reared at the Center. The number and average size of the endemic breeders were 17 females of 72 g and 18 cm total length (TL), and 17 males of 90 g and 20 cm TL on average; whereas the domestic breeders were 4 females of 3,200 g and 60 cm TL, and males* of 2,700 g and 58 cm TL. Fertility percentage of the pure crosses were 43% and 93% of endemic and domestic trouts, respectively. Among reciprocal crosses, that of domestic female with endemic male (d x e) showed 93% fertility as compared to 28.3% of its reciprocal (ex d). In the first evaluation of growth (60 days aft er bi rth), endemic fry measured 2. 5 cm TL and 92 m g, and domestics 3.7 cm TL and 54 2 m g. For the reciprocal crosses (d x e) , fry measured 3.4 cm TL and 38 4 mg, whereas (ex d) f ry were 2.5 cm TL and 106 mg on average. After 480 days, domestic trout measured 29 cm TL and 292 g on average. The respective endemic trout were not taken into account because survivorship was too low in this case. At that time, the pro ducts of the cross (d x e) measured 17.5 cm TL and 40 g, and of the cross (ex d) were 18 cm TL and 64 g on average. Feeding of the endemic trout consisted solely of live prey, and that for th e domestics with reciprocal crosses was balanced diet food pellets. [*Number not specified – Ed.]

Resumen

Evaluación de la fertilidad y crecimiento de un cruz amiento dialélico de dos lineas, Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni X O. mykiss En Noviembre de 2000, se c apturarón varios ejemplares adultos de la subespecie de trucha arcoiris endémica, Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni (Evermann), en el Arroyo San Rafael, en la Sierra San Pedro Mártir, Baja California, y se trasladaron vivas al Centro Acuícola el Zarco, perteneciente a la Secretaría de Ag ricultura, Ganaderia, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y A limentación (SAGARPA), en el Estado de México. En Febrero de 2001, se práctico la reproducción artificial usando un cruzamiento dialélico de dos lineas, usando los reproductores nativos y una línea doméstica de trucha arco iris, Oncorhynchus mykiss , existente en el mismo centro. El número y tallas ( todas co mo LT) de reproductores endémicos utilizados fue 17 hembras de 72 g y 18 cm, y 17 machos de 90 g y 20 cm en promedio, y los reproductores domésticos de 4 hembras de 3 ,200 g y 60 cm, y los machos* de 2 ,700 g y 58 cm e n pr omedio. El porcentaje de fertilidad de las cru zas puras fu e 43% y 9 3% de las tru chas endémicas y domésticas, respectivamente. De los cru zamientos recíprocos, la cru za h embra-doméstica X m acho-endémico (d x e) tuv o un 93 % fertilidad comparándola con su recíproca (ex d) de 28.3 %. En la pr imera evaluación de crecimiento (a los 60 dias de nacidos), para las crías endémicas se registró un peso de 92 mg y 2.5 cm, y las domésticas 542 mg y 3.7 cm en promedio. Para las cruzas recíprocas (d x e), fueron un peso de 384 mg y 3.4 cm, y (ex d) 106 mg y 2.5 cm en promedio. Al paso de 480 días, fue l a trucha doméstica de 29 2 g y 29 cm en promedio. No se tomó en cuent a la subespecie endémica por que sobrevivieron muy pocas. En el cruzamiento (d x e) tuvieron 40 g y 17.5 cm, y en el (ex d) fue 64 g y 18 cm en promedio. La alimentación del at rucha endém ica se basó excl usivamente en al imento vi vo, y el del at rucha doméstica con las cruzas recíprocas fue alimento balanceado. [*Número no especificado – Ed.]

MINUTES OF THE BUSINESS MEETING / MINUTAS DE LA REUNION DE NEGOCIOS The meeting was called to order by President Marsh at 1710 MST November 15, 2002. Thanks and accolades were offered to Juan Miguel Artigas Azas, Local Arrangements Chair, for handling the 34th DFC Symposium and attendant activities. It was determined by a show of hands that more than 20 members of the DFC were in attendance and therefore a quorum was present and business of the council could be officially conducted. Minutes of the 2001 DFC meeting in Alpine, Texas, were approved by the membership without dissent. These are available on the council web site. Executive Sec retary Pister presented the 20 02 budget report, which was approved by the membership without dissent. A summary rep ort will be published in th e Pro ceedings. Pi ster ind icated that Th e Ch ihuahuan Desert Symposium presented during th e 2001 DFC meeting in Alpine is nearing publication, and will be provided free to members of record for 2001. Membership Secretary J. Stefferud reported that paid membership had declined from 240 (1998) to 105 (2002) and suggested that his trend should be stopped. Membership in the Council in 2002 totaled 140 individuals, comprised of 78 domestic, 15 student, 7 family, 13 sustaining, 22 life, and 5 complementary members (Figure 1). During the past 4 years, average annual membership was 149 members, which is a 37% decrease in membership from years 1995-1998. Between these periods, domestic, family, sustaining, and complementary memberships declined 40 to 50 %, and student membership declined 22%. Life memberships increased 55%. A Patron membership category was made in 2001.

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Membership year Number of individuals Patron Comp Life Sus Fam Stu Reg

Figure 1. Council membership by categories of membership, 1995-2002.

This decline in membership translates to a reduction in annual Council income of about $2,500 in dues. Several explanations for the decrease in membership are possible, including: 1) the annual Proceedings are on the web, thus reducing the need to pay dues to receive a copy, 2) reliance on the DFC-L for membership notification and no hard mailing to those members who are not subscribed, 3) general downturn in economic conditions and budgets, resulting in agencies declining to send members to annual symposia, and 4) no membership forms available during symposium registration for members who prefer to pay on-site.

To reverse this trend, the membership secretary suggested the following actions: 1 ) early in 2003 make a hard mailing to all individuals who were members since 1997; send the same information electronically to all subscribers on DFC-L, 2) mail the call for papers for the annual symposium to selected government and private agencies to encourage more attendance from those offices, and 3) have the Membership secretary ensure that someone is available at the registration desk at the annual symposium to take membership dues and provide receipts. The Membership Secretary explained that the Executive Committee had decided to mail hard-copy notification to all members in Janua ry of each year to a ugment and e stablished electronic communication regimen. PayPal has worked well for both m embers an d t he M embership Secret ary, as have the traditional payment methods (check, money order, or cash). The dues structure is unchanged. Membership is free to Latin Americans after annual renewal. A member offered her perspective that the membership decline is more than simple difficulty with the renewal process. Som e pro fessional societies offer free membership to students. There was discussion of how news of meetings, etc., can be more efficiently transmitted. President Marsh indicated that J. Stefferud is sensitive to the need for better co mmunication and will take step s to better advertise future DFC meetings and du es notices. Ex ecutive Secretary Pister will draft a letter for distribution by Stefferud that encourages payment of dues and subscription to the DFC-L. Membership information and an application form will be included in future meeting packets assembled by local hosts. Membership forms in Spanish and English will be included in each annual Proceeding. Areas Coordinator Nadine Kanim named each A rea Coordinator and thanked them and all contributors for their efforts. She notified the membership that S. Stefferud would replace J. Stefferud as coordi nator for the Lower Colorado Area. An ongoing project of the Area Coordinators group is to prepare annual species status-tracking tables. These status reports are complete for 2002 and will appear in this year’s proceedings. The form is being modified to provide comment space. Kanim related th at Salvador Contreras-Balderas will h ead up an ew Arid Central Mex ico Area report, and will represent the Mexican National perspective at future meetings. Astrid Kodric-Brown thanked the Student Awards Committee (Matthew Andersen, James Brooks, A.A. Echelle, Gary Garrett and C raig St ockwell) and presented the Hubbs A ward t o Eva n W. C arson f or hi s paper “ Profound physiological differences between Cuatro Ciénegas pupfish species: evidence from a reciprocal transplant experiment and implications for hybridization“ and the Miller Award was presen ted to Luis Humberto Escalera Vázquez for his poster “Management in captivity of Characodon audax: report of a new population and implications for conservation.” A motion to draft a resolution to formally thank th e lo cal co mmittee (Ju an Mig uel) was m ade, seco nded, and passed without dissenting vote by the membership. President Marsh summarized the Executive Committee Meeting, as follows: At-Large Excomm Member. It was decided by the membership at the 2001 meeting that the Excomm would draft changes to the council bylaws that would accomm odate a new elected position of “ Member at Large” as a voting member of the Executive Committee. Along with other members of the Excomm, the person in this position will act as liaison between the Excomm and general membership. The position serves two-year terms, and will be elected by majority vote at even-year meetings from a slate of nominees offered from the floor by the membership. The Excomm determined to offer three names if nominations were not forthcoming from the membership. Language recommended for incorporation into the Bylaws was: Article II Section 6. Member-at-Large. It shall be the responsibility of the Member-at-Large to function as a liaison between the membership and the Executive Committee. Article III Management Section 9. Term of Office. The Member-at-Large will serve a two-year term and be elected in even-number years. After brief discussion a motion to approve the proposed by-laws changes was made, seconded and passed by the membership without dissenting vote. The floor was o pen to nominations for the position of Member-at-Large, and Anthony Echelle was elected by a show-of-hands vote from among available candidates. Meeting Pr eparation C alendar. Nadine Ka nim present ed hard copies of three documents pertaining to an nual meeting preparations (viz., “Desert Fishes Council Meeting Preparation Calendar,” “DFC Symposium Checklists for Death Valley and for other venues”, and “Duties of Local Hosts and officers for DFC meetings.” The last has been on the Excomm web site for re view. These documents were discussed and recommendations made for minor changes, and it was decided that next year (2003) would be the first trial year to implement these protocols. If they are found

useful they will be made available to local hosts of future meetings. It will be a responsibility of the President to send timely reminders of key actions to appropriate individuals. The Membership Secretary will co mpile a mailing list so that state and federal agencies are apprised of meeting announcements. Area Coordinators Meeting. Jerry Stefferud has resigned as Areas Coordinator for the lower Colorado River. As provided in the by-laws, the Area Coordinators group recommended and the Executive Committee approved that Sally Stefferud will replace him in that capacity. All Species tracking tables are expected to be completed by May 2003. Kanim and J. Stefferud will d evelop a stand ard format for these documents and provide it to Hen drickson b y 30 August 2003. At the Area Coordinatorss meeting, Salvador Contreras-Balderas proposed a new area to be known as “Central and Arid Tropical Mexico.” T he Exec utive Co mmittee was unconvinced that th e purview of the council properly included extensive tropical environs, and recommended revision of the new area to include only arid lands of central Mexico. Nadine will communicate this recommendation to Salvador for his action. Agua C aliente Pr oject (Pima C ounty, A rizona). A committee was ap pointed during the p ast year to review the project, and the Executive Committee approved the committee report, which supported the project. It was determined that the DFC will continue to review such proposals and the Executive Committee will decide whether to support or not support, but as in the present instance we will not appoint any individual to officially represent the council. Cuatro C iénegas, C oahuila, México. T he i mmediate issue involved possible water mining to support al falfa production outside the basin, which could impact water levels and characteristics within the basin. After review by the Executive Committee a letter of concern was sent in this regard. However, there is a larg er issue involved and it was determined that a committee would be appointed to track events affecting natural resources of Cuatro Ciénegas, advise the local com munity as requested, and recommend appropriate act ions by t he council. A standing committee was appointed, comprised of Evan Carson (ASU), Hendrickson (UTA), Valeria Souza (UNAM), Lydia Breunig (UAZ) and Sal vador Contre ras-Balderas. T he committee will elect its chair, and provide feedback to the DFC and as appropriate to other parties. Financial Report. A summary financial report (calendar-year ledger sheet showing income and expenditures by category) will be published annually in the Proceedings. Fossil Creek Resolution. AZGFD Director Shroufe sent a letter to DFC President Propst in response to the 2001 council resolution in support of the renovation of Fossil Creek and restoration of its native fishery. The letter said that AZGFD wishes to examine all altern atives, but at the present time it does not support construction of a barrier or renovation. Recovery Goals Resolutions. This resolution passed at the 2001 business meeting was sent under DFC letterhead to appropriate parties. No response has been received. Future Meetings. The 2003 meeting will be held in Death Valley, California, and the 2004 meeting will be held in Tucson, Arizona. C uatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, México, was sug gested as a p otential site for th e 2005 meeting, but a final determination cannot be made until further investigation of facilities, etc. A motion to adjourn was made, seconded and passed, and the meeting was adjourned at approximately 1815 CST.

DFC HYDROLOGIC BASIN AND AGENCY REPORT COORDINATORS The following people were responsible for coordinating agency and other input to reports presented on activities in each area during the year between meetings of the DFC.

Areas Coordinator Nadine Kanim, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Yreka Field Office, 1829 S. Oregon Street, Yreka, California 96097. Phone: (530) 842-5763, FAX (530) 842-4517, Email:Nadine_Kanim@fws.gov

Oregon (State of, and Upper Pit River drainage of California): Rollie White, U.S.F.W.S., Oregon State Office, 2600 S.E. 98th Avenue, Suite 100, Portland, OR 97266, Phone: (503) 231-6179, FAX: (503) 231-6195, Email: rollie_white@fws.gov

California (State of, except for the Pit and Klamath drainage of northeast California and mainstem Lower Colorado): Steve Parmenter, California Department of Fish and Game, 407 W. Line Street, Bishop, CA 93514, Phone: (760) 872-1171, FAX: (760) 872-1284, Email: spar@dfg.gov

Nevada (State of, except for the Virgin River): Anita Cook, Nevada Department of Wildlife, 1100 Valley Road, Reno, NV 89512, Phone: (775) 688-1532, FAX: (775) 688-1595, Email: acook@govmail.state.nv.us; Cynthia Martinez, U.S.F.W.S., Southern Nevada Field Office, 4701 N. Torrey Pines Drive, Las Vegas, NV 89130, Phone (702) 515-5230, FAX: (702) 515-5231, Email: cynthia_t_martinez@fws.gov

Bonneville Basin (western Utah, far-eastern Nevada, southern Idaho, and far-southwestern Wyoming): Matthew E. Andersen, Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources, 1594 W. North Temple, Suite 2110, Salt Lake City, Utah 84114, Phone: (801) 538-4756, FAX: (801) 538-4745, Email: nrdwr.manderse@state.ut.us

Upper Colorado River (upstream of Glen Canyon Dam on Powell Reservoir, including Green, Gunnison, Dolores, and San Juan rivers): Timothy Modde, U.S.F.W.S., Colorado River Fish Project, 266 W. 100 N., Suite 2, Vernal UT 84078, Phone: (435) 789-0354, FAX: (435) 789-4805, Email: tim_modde@fws.gov

Lower Colorado River (including Little Colorado, Virgin, Bill Williams, and Gila rivers): Jerry Stefferud, Phone: (602) 274-5544, Email: stefferud@cox.net

Upper/Middle Rio Grande and Pecos Rivers (including Tularosa and Guzman basins of New Mexico (downstream to the confluence of the Rio Grande [Río Bravo] and Río Conchos): Jim Brooks, U.S.F.W.S., New Mexico Fishery Resources Office, 2105 Osuna N.E. Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87113, Phone: (505) 346-2538, FAX: (505) 346-2537, Email: jim_brooks@fws.gov

Texas (State of): Gary Garrett, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Heart of the Hills Research Station, HC 7, Box 62, Ingram, Texas 78025, Phone: (830) 866-3356, FAX: (830) 866-3549, Email: gpg@ktc.com

Northwestern Mexico (including the peninsula of Baja California): Alejandro Varela-Romero, Universidad de Sonora, DICTUS - Departmento de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas, A.P. 1819, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, Phone: [011] (52) 62 12 19 95, FAX: [011] (52) 62 12 32 71, E-mail: avarela@guayacan.uson.mx

Northeastern Mexico (Rio Grande [Río Bravo] area): Salvador Contreras-Balderas, A.P. 504, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico 66450, Phone: [011] (52) (8) 376-2231, Home: [011] (52) (8) 313-1641, Email: scontrer@axtel.net