DRILL,S.L. (Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA) A genetic analysis of artificial propagation of the endangered razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus Análisis genético de propagación artificial del matalote jorobado, especie en peligro Xyrauchen texanus KEYWORDS: artificial propagation; hatcheries; genetic structure; heterozygosity; razorback sucker

Authors: fortalecer su proporción de genes no deseados como producto de la hibridación con el matalote boca de franela

Year: 1994 (xxvi)

Abstract

For large scale artificial propagation to be an effective part of the management plans for Xyrauchen texanus, hatchery progeny should reflect the genetic structure of the natural population. Stock sources for hatchery propagation at the Dexter National Fish Hatchery were obtained from Lake Mohave in 1981 and 1982. Using 17 allozyme loci which had previously been found to be polymorphic in razorbacks, I examined variation in two different year classes, and compared this variation to that found in the Lake Mohave population. The natural population had an average level of heterozygosity of 0.099. The two year classes, produced in 1987 and 1990, had average heterozygosities of 0.125 and 0.080 respectively, which were not significantly different from Lake Mohave. The 1990 year class had a greatly reduced survivorship compared to previous years, and has been found to have a significantly lower mtDNA haplotype diversity. The use of different molecular data sets in the planning and monitoring of captive breeding programs will be discussed. CLAVES: propagación artificial; criaderos; estructura genética; heterocigocidad

Resumen

Para que la propagación artificial a gran escala sea una parte efectiva de los planes de manejo para Xyrauchen texanus, la progenie del criadero debe reflejar la estructura genética de la población natural. Las fuentes del stock para la propagación en criadero en Dexter National Fish Hatchery se obtuvieron del Lago Mohave en 1981 y 1982. Usando 17 loci de alozimas las cuales se había encontrado previamente que son polimórficas para el matalote, examiné la variación en dos clases de talla diferentes, y comparé esta variación con la encontrada en la población del Lago Mohave. La población natural tiene un nivel de heterocigocidad promedio de 0.099. Las dos clases anuales, producidas en 1987 y 1990, tienen heterocigocidades promedio de 0.125 y 0.080 respectivamente, las cuales no fueron significativamente diferentes de las del Lago Mohave. La clase del año 1990 tiene una sobrevivencia fuertemente reducida comparada con los años anteriores y se ha encontrado que tiene significativamente menos diversidad de haplotipo de ADNmt. El uso de diferentes juegos de datos moleculares en la planeación y monitoreo de programas de reproducción en cautiverio serán discutidos. [HUBBS STUDENT PAPER COMPETITOR] GORMAN,OWEN T.; TIERSCH,T.R.; WILLIAMSON,J.H.; CARMICHAEL,G.J. (OTG - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O.* Box 338, Flagstaff, AZ 86002-0338; TRT - Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; JHW - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Dexter NFH, P.O. Box 219, Dexter, NM 88230; GJC - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Mora NFH, P.O. Box 689, Mora, NM 87732) Germplasm storage to preserve genetic resources in the razorback sucker and bonytail chub Almacenaje de germoplasma para preservar recursos genéticos del matalote jorobado y el charal elegante KEYWORDS: Cyprinidae; bonytail chub; Colorado squawfish; humpback chub; Catostomidae; razorback sucker; genetic management; genetic resources; cryopreservation; germplasm ABSTRACT Germplasm storage and gene banking have proven to be valuable tools in agricultural applications and hold great potential for applications in aquaculture. We initiated studies to expand this tool to fishes that are in danger of extinction: bonytail chub (Gila elegans) and razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus). Methodologies for germplasm preservation and storage for razorback sucker and bonytail chub were developed and tested. We developed field techniques to collect, evaluate, refrigerate, and cryopreserve sperm from these endangered species. Cryopreserved sperm was thawed and used to fertilize eggs. Razorback sucker and bonytail chub were successfully produced using cryopreserved sperm. Future plans include fine tuning developed methodologies and applying the technology to Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius ) and humpback chub ( Gila cypha ). Application of these new methodologies offers great potential for genetic management and recovery of endangered fishes. CLAVES: Cyprinidae; charal elegante; charal del Colorado; charal jorobado; Catostomidae; matalote jorobado; manejo genético; recursos genéticos; criopreservación; germoplasma RESUMEN El almacenaje de germoplasma y los bancos de genes han probado ser una herramienta importante para aplicaciones en agricultura y con gran potencial para aplicaciones en acuicultura. Hemos iniciado estudios para aplicar esta herramienta a peces que están en peligro de extinción, como: el charal elegante ( Gila elegante) y el matalote jorobado (Xyrauchen texanus). Las metodologías para la preservación y almacenaje del germoplasma para el charal

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED elegante y el matalote jorobado fueron desarrollados y probados. Desarrollamos técnicas de campo para colectar, evaluar, refrigerar, y criopreservar el esperma de estas especies en peligro. El esperma criopreservado fue tomado y usado para fertilizar los huevos. El matalote jorobado y el charal elegante fueron producidos exitosamente usando esperma criopreservado. Los planes futuros incluyen el desarrollo de metodologías finas y aplicación de la tecnologías al charal del Colorado (Ptychocheilus lucius) y al charal jorobado (Gila cypha). La aplicación de estas nuevas metodología ofrece gran potencial para el manejo genético y recuperación de peces en peligro. NIEMI,E.G. ; WHITELAW,W.E.; MACMULLAN,E.P. (ECO Northwest; Whitelaw also is University of Oregon)* Economic consequences of Critical Habitat designation for the Lost River sucker and the shortnose sucker Consecuencias económicas, de la designación del Hábitat Critico para el matalote del río Lost (Lost River sucker) y el matalote nariz corta (shortnose sucker) KEYWORDS: economic benefits; economic impacts; critical habitat; Klamath basin; quality of life ABSTRACT We have estimated the economic consequences of the proposed critical habitat designation developed by the Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) for two endangered species in the Klamath basin of Oregon and California, the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and the shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris). The analysis employs an analytical method developed for the Service in the aftermath of the Endangered Species Committee’s hearings regarding the northern spotted owl. The study examines the designation’s impact on (1) habitat-degrading industries, (2) industries that incur spillover costs when habitat is degraded, (3) those who see the designation as an improvement in the local quality of life, and (4) those who place an intrinsic value on the suckers and their habitat. In addition to developing a worst-case, static estimate of the economic consequences, the study describes the ways in which the local economy will adjust to the designation and mitigate its adverse impacts. The designation’s long-run impacts on the local quality of life is especially important, as it is likely to have positive, long-run impacts on the visual aesthetics of riparian and upland areas, the visual and olfactory aesthetics of streams and lakes, the water-related recreation associated with streams and lakes, the safety associated with bodies of water that experience reductions in toxins, the visual aesthetics and recreational opportunities associated with reductions in peak flows and increases in summer flows, and the visual aesthetics and recreational opportunities associated with increased populations of wildlife. The evidence is insufficient to quantify all the benefits and costs, but it appears likely that the overall net effect on national economic welfare is close to zero. With plausible assumptions, one reasonably could conclude that the designation will generate an increase in national economic welfare. CLAVES: beneficios económicos; impacto económico; habitat crítico; cuenca Klamath; calidad de vida RESUMEN Se estimaron las consecuencias económicas de las propuestas de designación de habitat critico por el Fish and Wildlife Service (servicio) para dos especies en peligro en la Cuenca Klamath de Oregon y de California, el Lost River sucker ( Deltistes luxatus) y el shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris). El análisis emplea un metido analítico desarrollado para el Servicio en el marco de las audiencias del comite de especies en peligro, con respecto al búho manchado norteño. El estudio examina el impacto de la designación sobre 1).- Industrias degradantes del habitat, 2).- Industrias que incurren en costos de derrames cuando el habitat se degrada, 3).- Aquellos que ven a la designación como un mejoramiento en la calidad de vida local 4).- Aquellos que establecen un valor intrínseco a los matalotes y su habitat. Adicionalmente al desarrollo una estimación estática “peor de los casos” de las consecuencias económicas, el estudio describe las formas en que la economía local se ajustara a la designación y mitigara su impacto adverso. El impacto a largo plazo de la designación sobre la calidad de vida local es muy importante, ya que es muy probable que tenga impactos positivos a largo plazo en aspectos estéticos visuales en areas riparias y de tierras altas, la estética visual y olfatoria de arroyos y lagos, las recreaciones relacionadas con el agua asociadas con el arroyos y lagos, la seguridad asociada con cuerpos de agua que experimentan reducción en toxinas, la estética visual y oportunidades recreacionales asociadas con las reducciones en los picos de flujo y aumentos en los flujos de verano, y la estética visual y oportunidades recreacionales relacionadas con el aumento de las poblaciones de vida silvestre. Las evidencias son insuficientes para cuantificar todos los costos y beneficios, pero parece ser muy probable que en su totalidad el efecto neto sobre la seguridad económica nacional es cercano a cero. Con plausibles asumciones, uno razonablemente puede concluir que la designación generara un incremento en el bienestar económico nacional.

KENNEDY ,T.B. (TBK - University of Nevada-Reno, Biology Department) Microhabitat use patterns and assessment of food limitation to Warner sucker larvae in streams of the Warner Valley, Oregon Patrones de uso de microhábitats y evaluación de la limitación de alimento para larvas del matalote de Warner en arroyos del Valle Warner, Oregon KEYWORDS: Warner Valley; Oregon; food limitation; larvae; Warner sucker; drift; microhabitat ABSTRACT I studied microhabitat use patterns of Warner sucker larvae Catostomus warnerensis in Honey Creek during the summers of 1992 and 1993. All larval groups were c ounted and microhabitat conditions were measured. Over 90% mortality was observed for larvae in both years. I hypothesized that food limitation accounted for this low survival. In 1993, drift samples were collected using a plankton net in areas where larval groups were observed and in an equal number of randomly selected sites in lower Honey Creek. Potential foods present in the drift in 1993 were assessed by comparison with the list of taxa from gut contents of larvae preserved in 1992. All items were measured as geometric shapes using an ocular stage micrometer, to identify potential prey. To be included as potential prey, minimum dimension of drift items could be no larger than the average gape of drift feeding larvae (1mm). Total volume of available prey collected in the net (cm day ) 3- 1 was compared to estimated prey requirements for survival (4% of b.w. day ) and growth (10% of b.w.-1 day ). This allowed computation of the ratio of prey available to estimated requirements. Preliminary-1 results suggest that prey availability may be limiting to Warner sucker larvae in Honey Creek. These results imply that starvation of sucker larvae may be an important factor in the low success of juvenile recruitment in Warner Valley streams observed for both years (1992 and 1993). CLAVES: Valle Warner; Oregon; limitantes de alimento; larvas; matalote de Warner; plancton; microhábitats RESUMEN Se estudiaron los patrones de uso de microhábitats de las larvas del matalote de Warner Catostomus warnerensis en Honey Creek durante el verano de 1992 y 1993. Todas las larvas fueron contadas y medidas las condiciones del microhábitat. Mas del 90% de mortalidad fue observada para las larvas en ambos años. Se hipotetiza que las limitantes de alimento son la causa de esta baja sobrevivencia. En 1993, fueron colectadas muestras de plancton en áreas donde los grupos larvales fueron observados y en un número equivalente de sitios seleccionados al azar en el bajo Honey Creek. El alimento potencial presente en la red de plancton en 1993, fue evaluado mediante la comparación con la lista de taxa de los contenidos estomacales de larvas colectadas en 1992. T odos las partículas fueron medidas así como su forma geométrica usando un micrómetro ocular, para identificar las presas potenciales. Para ser incluida como presa potencial, la dimensión mínima de la partícula podría no ser más grande que el promedio de apertura bucal de la larva (1 mm). El volumen total de la presa disponible colectada en la red (cm day ) 3- 1 fue comparado a los requerimientos de presa estimados para su sobrevivencia (45 de b.w. day ) y -1 crecimiento (10% de b.w. day ). Estos cálculos sugieren la necesidad de estimar la relación de presa-1 disponible para estimar los requerimientos. Los resultados preliminares sugieren que la disponibilidad de presa podría estar limitando las larvas del matalote de Warner en Honey Creek. Estos resultados implican que la inanición quizás sea un factor importante en las altas tasas de mortalidad observadas en el matalote de Warner. [HUBBS STUDENT PAPER COMPETITOR] HOBBES,A.L. ; PROPST,D.L. (ALH and DLP - New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, NM)* Status and distribution of Zuni bluehead sucker in the Zuni River drainage, New Mexico Estatus y distribución del matalote cabeza azul del Río Zuni en la cuenca del Río Zuni, Nuevo México KEYWORDS: Zuni bluehead sucker; Zuni River drainage; New Mexico; status; distribution ABSTRACT Zuni bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus yarrowi is a naturally occurring hybrid of bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus and Rio Grande sucker Catostomus plebeius endemic to the upper Little Colorado River drainage, New Mexico and Arizona. In New Mexico, its historical distribution was documented in the Zuni River downstream and upstream of the Pueblo of Zuni and moderate numbers were collected in the two principal tributaries, the Rios Nutria and Pescado. Recent collecting efforts indicate that the sucker has declined dramatically in the Rio Pescado and it is absent in several formerly inhabited reaches of the Rio Nutria. The upper Rio Nutria and two headwater tributaries, Aqua Remora and Tampico Spring, support several, numerically small, isolated populations.

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED Fish occur in largely sediment-free reaches containing bedrock or large boulders, and the size structure of populations in these reaches indicates presence of several year classes and successful reproduction and recruitment. Imperilment of Zuni bluehead sucker is due to efforts during the mid-1900’s to eradicate “undesirable” fishes from the Zuni River drainage, poor land management practices, construction of reservoirs, and the introduction of non-native fish species. Zuni bluehead sucker is listed as New Mexico State Endangered, Group 2, and is a candidate for listing by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Recovery of the subspecies into large portions of its former range is unlikely due to currently degraded watershed conditions. However, cooperation and involvement of private landowners, tribal, state, and federal agencies is helping to ensure conservation of extant populations of the Rio Nutria drainage. CLAVES: Matalote cabeza azul del Río Zuni; drenaje del Río Zuni; Nuevo México; estatus; distribución RESUMEN El Zuni bluehead sucker ( Catostomus discobolus yarrowi ) es un híbrido que proviene en forma natural de bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus y de Río Grande sucker (Catostomus plebeius) endémico de la parte superior de la cuenca del Pequeño Río Colorado (Little Colorado River), en Nuevo México y Arizona. En Nuevo México, su distribución histórica fue documentada en el Río Zuni río arriba y río abajo del Pueblo de Zuni y fueron colectados en cantidades moderadas en los dos principales tributarios, los ríos Nutria y Pescado. Las colectas recientes indican que el matalote ha declinado dramáticamente en el Río Pescado y está ausente en varios recodos que habitaba antiguamente en el Río Nutria. La parte superior del Río Nutria y las cabeceras de dos tributarios Aqua Remora y Tampico Spring, soportan varias poblaciones aisladas, numéricamente pequeñas. Los peces ocurren en grandes extensiones libres de sedimento, que contienen rocas o grandes cantos rodados, y la estructura por tamaños de las poblaciones que alcanza en estos áreas, indica la presencia de varias clases anuales y éxito en reproducción y reclutamiento. El peligro para el Zuni bluehead sucker es debido a los esfuerzos, a mediados de 1900, por erradicar peces “indeseables” de la cuenca del Zuni River, a las prácticas deficientes de manejo de las tierras, a la construcción de embalses y a la introducción de especies no nativas. El Zuni bluehead sucker esta enlistado come especie en peligro en el Estado de Nuevo México, en el grupo 2, y es candidato para enlistarse por el Servicio de Fauna y Pesca de los Estados Unidos. La recuperación de las subespecies dentro de las grandes porciones de su antiguo registro es improbable actualmente debido a las condiciones de degradación de las cuencas. Sin embargo, la cooperación y el involucramiento de propietarios privados, tribus, y agencias estatales y federales, esta ayudando a asegurar la conservación de las poblaciones intactas de la cuenca del Río Nutria. HUTCHISON,A.M. (AMH - Arizona State University, Department of Zoology, Tempe, AZ) Inter- and intraspecific relationships of flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis) based on mtDNA Relaciones inter- e intraespecíficas del matalote boca franela (Catostomus latipinnis) basado en ADNmt KEYWORDS: mtDNA; restriction mapping; phylogenetics ABSTRACT Morphological divergence within Catostomus latipinnis has caused some speculation as to the specific status of some its forms. Fifteen restriction enzymes with 6-base recognition sequences were used to analyze variation among five populations of Catostomus latipinnis from the Colorado River basin, including 2 populations of the reputed Little Colorado river form ( Catostomus sp. ). Other species ( Catostomus ardens , Catostomus insignis , Catostomus commersoni and Pantosteus plebeius) were also analyzed to determine relationship ( C. insignis) (C. ardens, C. commersoni and P. plebeius) to C. sp.. Restriction maps were constructed to establish homologous sites among populations analyzed. Data suggest that there is little genetic differentiation among C. latipinnis populations and that variation within C. sp. populations is similar to variation within populations of C. latipinnis. CLAVES: ADNmt; mapeo de restricción; relaciones filogenéticas RESUMEN La divergencia morfológica dentro de Catostomus latipinnis ha causado alguna especulación con respecto al estatus especifico de algunas de sus formas. Quince enzimas de restricción con 6-secuencias de reconocimiento básica, fueron utilizadas para analizar la variación entre cinco poblaciones de Catostomus latipinnis de la cuenca del río Colorado, incluyendo 2 poblaciones de supuestas formas de Catostomus sp. en el Pequeño Río Colorado (Little Colorado River). Otras especies (Catostomus ardens, C. insignis, C. commersoni y Pantosteus plebeius) también fueron analizadas para determinar sus relaciones, (C. insignis), (C. ardens, C. commersoni y P. plebeius) con C. sp.. Mapas de restricción fueron reconstruidos para establecer sitios homólogos entre poblaciones analizadas. Los datos sugieren que existe poca diferenciación genética entre las poblaciones de C. latipinnis y que la variación dentro de las poblaciones de C. sp. es muy similar a la variacione dentro de las poblaciones de C. latipinnis. [HUBBS STUDENT PAPER COMPETITOR]

DEACON,J.E. ; TAYLOR,F.R. (JED and FRT - University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV)* Diel oxygen variation and hatching success of Devils Hole pupfish: An hypothesis Variación del oxígeno diel y éxito de eclosión del pez perrito del Devils Hole: Una hipótesis KEYWORDS: Devils Hole; Devils Hole pupfish; egg mortality; hatching success; oxygen saturation ABSTRACT Efforts to reproduce Devils Hole Pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis under laboratory conditions have been mostly unsuccessful over the past thirty years. Observations suggest that egg and larval survival in refugium populations and in Devils Hole is also extremely low. A review of the literature regarding egg and larval mortality in other species of pupfish, as well as an extensive literature on temperature tolerance of pupfish, suggests mechanisms that may explain this high larval and egg mortality. In general, oogenesis, followed by egg development, are the most temperature sensitive parts of the pupfish life cycle. Other pupfishes show arrested development of eggs at temperatures near 32/G45C, with oxygen saturation of 70% or less. Data from Devils Hole reveal that most larvae are hatched in the inner third of the shallow shelf, with decreasing larval production occurring as a function of proximity to deeper water. Oxygen saturation in the main body of water in Devils Hole is about 40%. Over the inner portion of the shelf, oxygen saturation varies from night time levels of about 40% to mid-day levels in excess of 100%. It is possible that eggs laid anywhere in Devils Hole undergo arrested development daily, and that the arrested development is interrupted as a function of increasing oxygen saturation. This would increase the probability of hatching in the inner portion of the shelf, and decrease probability of hatching in deeper water. Such a pattern would explain the observed variation in larval density over the shallow shelf in Devils Hole. CLAVES: Devils Hole; pez perrito de Devils Hole; mortalidad del huevo; éxito de eclosión; saturación de oxígeno RESUMEN Los esfuerzos para reproducir al pez perrito del Devils Hole, Cyprinodon diabolis bajo condiciones de laboratorio, en su mayor parte han sido sin éxito durante los últimos treinta años. Las observaciones sugieren que la sobrevivencia del huevo y de la larva en las poblaciones en refugio y en Devils Hole son también, extremadamente bajas. Una revisión de la literatura con respecto a la sobrevivencia del huevo y de la larva en otras especies de peces perrito, sugieren mecanismos que pueden explicar la alta mortalidad del huevo y de la larva. En general, la oogenesis, seguido por el desarrollo del huevo, son las partes mas sensitivas a la temperatura del ciclo de vida del pez perrito. Otros peces perrito muestran desarrollos retrasados de huevos a temperaturas cercanas a los 32/G45C, con saturación de oxígeno de 70% o menos. Datos del Devils Hole revelan que la mayor parte de las larvas eclosionan en el tercio interno del arroyo somero, con una decreciente producción larval ocurriendo como una función de la proximidad de aguas mas profundas. La saturación de oxígeno en el cuerpo principal del agua en el Devils Hole es cercana al 40%. sobre la porción interna del arrecife, la saturación del oxígeno varia de niveles nocturnos cercanos a 40% a niveles de medio día con excesos del 100%. Es muy posible que los huevos depositados en cualquier parte del Devils Hole, experimenten un desarrollo atrasado diario, y que el desarrollo atrasado es interrumpido como una función del incremento de la saturación de oxígeno. Esto incrementa la probabilidad de eclosión en la porción interna del arrecife, y decrece la probabilidad de eclosionar en aguas mas profundas. Tal patrón explicaría las variaciones observadas en la densidad larval sobre la parte somera del Devils Hole. HUBBS,C. ; VALDES-GONZALES,A. (CH - Department of Zoology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, U.S.A.; AV-G - Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas,* Laboratorio de Acuicultura, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México) Interbrood intervals of Gambusia species Intervalos entre partos en especies de Gambusia KEYWORDS: reproduction; fecundity; mosquitofish; Poeciliidae; reproducción; fecundidad; pez mosquito ABSTRACT The potential number of offspring is controlled by females as males are always in excess supply. The number of offspring from females is influenced by: A) the number of offspring at one time (positively correlated with female size); B) the age of first (and last) reproduction; C) the length of the annual reproductive season (longer in low latitudes and when water temperatures are consistent); D) the mass of the individual young; and E) the time between broods (= interbrood interval). The available data on offspring is greatest for A and sequentially less until E. We present data for interbrood intervals for species of Gambusia. Gambusia gaigei , Gambusia heterochir , Gambusia nobilis , and Gambusia longispinis have interbrood intervals of about 45 days and Gambusia affinis and Gambusia speciosa have interbrood intervals of about 30 days.

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED CLAVES: reproducción; fecundidad; pez mosquito; Poeciliidae; reproducción RESUMEN El número potencial de crías es controlado por las hembras como machos siempre se presentan en exceso. El número de crías por hembra está influenciado por: A) el número de crías por parto (positivamente correlacionado con la talla de la hembra); B) la edad para el primer (y el último) evento reproductivo; C) la duración de la estación reproductiva (mayor en bajas altitudes y temperatura consistente; D) la masa o volumen de cada cría; y E) el tiempo entre puestas (= intervalo entre cada evento reproductivo). Los datos disponibles sobre crías es mayor para A y secuencialmente menor hasta E. Se presentan datos para intervalos de puestas para especies de Gambusia. Gambusia gaigei , Gambusia heterochir , Gambusia nobilis , y Gambusia longispinis tienen intervalos de puesta de aproximadamente 45 días, y Gambusia affinis y Gambusia speciosa tienen intervalos de aproximadamente 30 días. SHEFFER,R.J. ; SHIRLEY,C.; MINCKLEY,W.L.; HEDRICK,P.W. (Arizona State University)* Fecundity, growth rate and fluctuating asymmetry in the Gila topminnow Poeciliopsis occidentalis occidentalis Fecundidad, tasa de crecimiento y fluctuaciones asimétricas en la sardinita del Gila (Poeciliopsis occidentalis occidentalis) KEYWORDS: Gila topminnow; Arizona; endangered species; fecundity; growth rate; asymmetry ABSTRACT Fecundity, growth rate and bilateral asymmetry are being investigated in samples of topminnows from Monkey Spring, Sharp Spring, Cienega Creek, and a population derived from Bylas Spring. The Monkey Spring population appears to have lower fecundity than the other three. Other results will be discussed. Future plans include laboratory breeding of all four populations with continued measurement of the above mentioned characteristics. CLAVES: sardinita del Gila; Arizona; especies en peligro; fecundidad; tasa de crecimiento; asimetría RESUMEN Fecundidad, tasa de crecimiento y simetría bilateral están siendo investigadas en muestras de sardinitas del Gila de Monkey Spring, Sharp Spring, Cienega Creek y una población derivada de Bylas Spring. La población de Monkey Spring parece tener más baja fecundidad que las otras tres. Otros resultados serán discutidos. Los planes a futuro incluyen reproducción en laboratorio de las cuatro poblaciones con medidas continuas de las características antes mencionadas. HORN,MICHAEL J. (Arizona State University; U. S. Bureau of Reclamation) Use of storage lipids as an indicator of nutritional status of individual larvae of the razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) El uso de los lípidos almacenados como un indicador del estatus nutricional de larvas individuales del matalote jorobado (Xyrauchen texanus) KEYWORDS: critical period; Lake Mohave; larval fish; nutrition; razorback sucker ABSTRACT Razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) populations have all but disappeared throughout most of their historic range. Lake Mohave, Arizona-Nevada, contains the largest remnant population of this fish in existence. This population is composed of aged fish and is declining rapidly. Recruitment of new fish to the adult population appears to be the limiting factor in Lake Mohave. Substantial numbers of larvae are present in the lake each spring following spawning, but survivorship is too low to detect. Several hypothesis exist to explain lack of recruitment in the razorback sucker population of Lake Mohave, Arizona-Nevada. One such hypothesis explaining an apparent complete failure of each year class may be the presence of a critical period during the larval phase related to nutrition. Previous studies have indicated all larvae consistently disappear at the same size, about 10-12mm, the size at which their yolk reserves are used up. In this study fat stores of larval razorback suckers were measured using a gravimetric, di-ethyl ether extraction. To determine a base-line for comparison, a series of larvae were raised in the laboratory at known concentrations of food ranging from starvation to ad-libitum. By comparing lipid levels of wild caught larvae with laboratory it should be possible to assess the condition of wild larvae to determine if nutrition is influencing early survivorship.

CLAVES: período crítico; Lago Mohave; larva de pez; nutrición; matalote jorobado RESUMEN Las poblaciones del matalote jorobado (Xyrauchen texanus), están todas por desaparecer en la mayor parte de su rango histórico. El Lago Mohave, Arizona-Nevada, contiene la población remanente más grande existente de estos peces. Esta población está compuesta de peces viejos y está declinando rápidamente. El reclutamiento de nuevos peces a la población de adultos, parece ser el factor limitante en el Lago Mohave. Un número substancial de larvas están presentes en el lago cada primavera, siguientes a la temporada de desove, sin embargo los sobrevivientes están en números muy pequeños para ser detectados. Existen varias hipótesis para explicar la pérdida de reclutamiento en el Lago Mohave, Arizona-Nevada. Una de tales hipótesis que explica una aparente y completa falta de cada clase del año, puede ser la presencia de un período crítico durante la fase larval relacionada a la nutrición. Estudios previos han indicado que todas las larvas consistentemente desaparecen a una misma talla (10-12 mm), tamaño al cual las reservas del saco vitelino son agotadas. En este estudio se midieron las reservas de grasas almacenadas de las larvas del matalote jorobado usando un método gravimétrico y extracción con éter dietil. Para establecer una línea base de comparación, una serie de larvas fueron llevadas en el laboratorio a concentraciones conocidas de comida que variaron desde la inanición hasta ad-libitum. Mediante la comparación de los niveles de lípidos de larvas silvestres cautivas en el laboratorio, podría ser posible evaluar la condición de las larvas silvestres para determinar si la nutrición esta influenciando sobre los estudios tempranos de los sobrevivientes. BURKE,T. (Bureau of Reclamation, PO Box 61470, Boulder City, NV 89005) Rearing wild razorback sucker larvae in lake-side backwaters, Lake Mohave, Arizona/Nevada Crianza de larvas silvestres de matalote jorobado, en bahias aisladas del Lago Mohave, Arizona/Nevada KEYWORDS: razorback sucker; Lake Mohave; rearing; reservoirs ABSTRACT The Native Fish Work Group captured over 10,000 wild razorback sucker larvae, reared them in lakeside ponds and released them to the reservoir during the past year. Spawning aggregations of adult suckers were located using monthly helicopter surveys. Field teams were dispatched to these sites each week. Biologists worked at night capturing larvae attracted to white lights submerged one meter below the surface. Larvae were brought into laboratory, fed brine shrimp and held for three weeks to allow full development of paired fins and to verify species. Young were then transferred to predator-free ponds around Lake Mohave and monitored with trapnets throughout the summer. Fish were harvested during September and October. Survival varied among ponds, ranging from 0 to 60%. Maximum growth exceeded 30 centimeters in nine months. Growth and survival statistics will be presented. CLAVES: matalote jorobado; Lago Mohave; crianza; reservorios RESUMEN El Grupo de Trabajo de Peces Nativos capturó alrededor de 10,000 larvas de matalote jorobado, los crió en pozas aledañas al lago y los liberó en el reservorio durante el año pasado. Las agregaciones de adultos desovantes fueron localizados mediante evaluaciones mensuales en helicópteros. Los equipos de campo fueron enviados a estos sitios cada semana. Los biólogos trabajaron durante la noche capturando las larvas que fueron atraídas por luz blanca sumergida un metro bajo la superficie. Las larvas fueron traídas al laboratorio, alimentadas con camarón fresco y mantenidos por tres semanas para seguir el desarrollo completo de las aletas pareadas y verificación de la especie. Los jóvenes fueron transferidos a pozas libres de depredadores en los alrededores del Lago Mohave y monitoreados con trampas de red durante el verano. Los peces fueron cosechados durante Septiembre y Octubre. La sobrevivencia varió en todas las pozas, variando del 0 al 60%. El crecimiento máximo excedió 30 cm en nueve meses. Se presentará la estadística de crecimiento y sobrevivencia. HINES,R.T. (RTH - Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR) Influence of suspended sediments on larval razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus vulnerability to predation Influencia de los sedimentos en suspensión sobre la vulnerabilidad de depredación de las larvas del matalote jorobado Xyrauchen texanus KEYWORDS: Lake Mohave; razorback sucker; larvae; non-native fishes; turbidity; predation; endangered species ABSTRACT The razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus is an endangered catostomid endemic to the Colorado River basin. The largest remaining population of razorback sucker resides in Lake Mohave, Arizona-Nevada. Impoundment modified the physical and chemical characteristics of the Colorado River, controlling extremes in flow, moderating temperatures,

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED and reducing turbidity. In addition, the creation of clear-water reservoirs provided lacustrine habitat for numerous nonnative fishes. Razorback sucker spawn annually along the shores of Lake Mohave, but natural recruitment has been undetected since dam closure 40+ years ago. Identifying the causes of recruitment failure has been problematic, but predation on early life- stages by non-native fishes is suspected. A contributing factor to predation by non-native fishes may be changes in the physical properties of the habitat. Historically, turbid habitats were likely utilized by adult and larval razorback sucker. In contrast, many of the non-native fishes evolved in clear water habitats. Non-native predators forage visually, and may be adversely affected by turbidity, which has been found to reduce reactive distances and growth rates in many fish species. Therefore, an experiment was designed to determine if larval razorback sucker vulnerability to foraging green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus and juvenile Colorado squawfish Ptychocheilus lucius decreases with elevated suspended sediment concentrations. Predation trials were performed in aquaria at suspended sediment concentrations (bentonite clay) of 0, 0.25, and 2.0 ppt. Results indicate that larval razorback sucker are less vulnerable to foraging native and non-native predators with increased suspended sediment concentration. CLAVES: Lago Mohave; matalote jorobado; larva; peces no nativos; turbidéz; depredación; especies en peligro RESUMEN El matalote jorobado (Xyrauchen texanus) es un catostómido amenazado endémico a la cuenca del Río Colorado. La mayor población remanente de matalote jorobado reside en el Lago Mohave, Arizona-Nevada. El represamiento del agua, modificó las características físicas y químicas del Río Colorado, controlando extremos en flujo, moderando temperaturas, y reduciendo la turbidéz. En adición, la creación de reservorios de agua-clara proporcionó habitat lacustre para numerosos peces no nativos. El matalote jorobado desova anualmente a lo largo de la orilla del Lago Mohave, pero el reclutamiento natural no ha sido detectado desde el cierre de la presa 40 años atrás. Identificar las causas de esta falta de reclutamiento ha sido problemático, pero se sospecha la predación en estudios tempranos de vida por peces no nativos. Un factor que contribuye a la predación pueden ser los cambios en las propiedades físicas del habitat. Históricamente, los hábitats turbios fueron supuestamente utilizados por matalote jorobado adulto y larval. En contraste, muchos de los peces no nativos están relacionados a hábitats de agua clara. Los predadores no nativos forrajean visualmente, y pueden ser adversamente afectados por la turbidez reduciendo las distancias de reacción y tasas de crecimiento en muchas especies de peces. Por esta razón, fue diseñado un experimento para determinar si la vulnerabilidad de las larvas de matalote jorobado al forrajeo del “green sunfish” (Lepomis cyanellus) y al juvenil del charal del Colorado (Ptychocheilus lucius) decrece con elevadas concentraciones de sedimentos suspendidos. Ensayos de predación fueron realizadas en acuarios a concentraciones de sedimentos suspendidos (arcilla bentonita) de 0, 0.25, y 2.0 ppt. Los resultados indicaron que las larvas de matalote jorobado son menos vulnerables al forrajeo de depredadores nativos y no nativos con concentraciones incrementadas de sedimentos suspendidos. [HUBBS STUDENT PAPER COMPETITOR] SNYDER,DARREL E. ; MEISMER,STEVEN M. (DES and SMM - Larval Fish Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado)* Efficiency of light traps for capture and retention of larval and young-of-the-year juvenile razorback sucker Eficiencia de trampas de luz para la captura y retención de larvas y juveniles del año del matalote jorobado KEYWORDS: razorback sucker; larvae; juveniles; light traps; capture efficiency; retention efficiency ABSTRACT In 1993, the National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and other Upper Colorado River Basin researchers decided to follow the lead of lower basin associates and implement a light-trap sampling program to help assess razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus production and downstream distribution of the progeny. For this experimental program, they selected a commercially available, floating, 30-cm tall, quatrefoil-style light trap featuring a D-cell powered, 2-volt, constant-intensity light circuit and light-distribution rod that provide 0.1 lux of warm, white light (in air) at 0.5 m from the trap’s center. Under National Park Service sponsorship, we conducted a series of laboratory experiments to assess potential for razorback sucker capture and retention, provide guidelines for use of the traps, and better interpret field results. Most experiments were conducted in triplicate in 43-cm deep, still, clear water in 1.2-m diameter tanks under light-excluding tents with 2-mm (for larvae) or 6- mm slit-width (for juveniles) versions of the above described traps. For capture experiments, 50 larvae or 25 juveniles were released into each tank and allowed to acclimate to the tank and darkness during a sequence of 0.5 h intervals of simulated daylight, dusk, and full darkness before traps were set for 1, 4, or 8 hours. For corresponding retention experiments, fish were placed in trap catch basins and allowed to calm before traps were placed in tanks. Based on 1-h trials, capture efficiencies (percentage of 50 or 25 fish caught) were greatest for razorback sucker juveniles (44-64%; 25-35 mm TL) and flexion mesolarvae (24-32%; 12-13 mm TL) and least for non-feeding,

yolk-bearing protolarvae (14-22%; 10-11 mm TL) and postflexion mesolarvae (6-20%; 15-20 mm TL, some metalarvae). Capture efficiencies increased between 1- and 4-h trials for protolarvae (14-22% and 22-30%, respectively) and postflexion mesolarvae (6- 20%, 32-42%) but not juveniles (44-64%, 40-52%) (no 4-h trials for flexion mesolarvae). Capture efficiencies increased again with 8-h trials for protolarvae (36-58%) but not for postflexion mesolarvae (26-44%) (no 8-h trials for flexion mesolarvae or juveniles). Few or no fish were captured when traps were unlit. Capture efficiencies for 1-h sets with protolarvae and postflexion mesolarvae during simulated dusk (0.5 h daylight and 0.5 h gradual reduction to darkness) were lower than for 1-h night-time trials reported above (10-16% and 0-10%, respectively). Because field water conditions are usually turbid, we also conducted a set of 1-hr turbid-water trials (50-75 FTUs). Capture efficiencies for flexion and postflexion mesolarvae (68-76%, 24-60%) were 2.6 to 2.7 times higher than in clear water, whereas those for juveniles (8-20%) were over two-thirds lower than in clear-water trials. Retention efficiencies (percentage of fish retained) were high for protolarvae (68-98%, mostly >80%), and postflexion mesolarvae (96-100%) but somewhat lower for juveniles (56-84%); efficiencies were similar regardless of trial duration (flexion mesolarvae not tested). With unlit traps, 4-h retention efficiencies for protolarvae were very much reduced (8-28%); for postflexion mesolarvae and juveniles (single trial), reductions in efficiency were less drastic (72-100%, 40%). Retention efficiencies during simulated dawn (lighting sequence reverse of dusk) were lower than in full darkness for protolarvae (68-70%) but nearly the same for postflexion mesolarvae (96-100%) (no trials with flexion mesolarvae or juveniles). CLAVES: matalote jorobado; larva; juveniles; trampas de luz; eficiencia de captura; eficiencia de retención RESUMEN En 1993, el Servicio de Parques Nacionales, el Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos y otras instituciones de la cuenca alta del Río Colorado decidieron dar seguimiento a las investigaciones de la cuenca baja, con el fin de implementar un programa de muestreo con trampas de Luz para ayudar a evaluar el matalote jorobado Xyrauchen texanus en su producción y distribución de su progenie a corriente abajo. Para este programa experimental, ellos seleccionaron un flotador disponible comercialmente, de 30 cm de alto, con un estilo de trébol de cuatro hojas, funcionando con una batería “D”, de 2 voltios, un circuito de luz de intensidad constante y un distribuidor de luz tipo rod que provee 0.1 lux de intensidad luminosa, una luz blanca (en el aire) a 0.5 m del centro de la trampa. Bajo el patrocinio del Servicio Nacional de Parques, nosotros conducimos una serie de experimentos de laboratorio para evaluar el potencial de captura del matalote jorobado y la retención, proporcionando lineamiento para el uso de las trampas y una mejor interpretación de resultados de campo. La mayoría de los experimentos fueron conducidos por triplicado en 43 cm de profundidad, en agua mansa, en agua clara en tanques de 1.2 m de diámetro bajo tiendas de exclusión de luz, y con versiones de las trampas descritas anteriormente de 2 mm (para larva) o 6 mm de apertura de malla (para juveniles). Para experimentos de captura, se liberaron 50 larvas o 25 juveniles dentro de cada tanque y puestos para aclimatación a los tanques y a la oscuridad, durante una secuencia de simulación diurna con intervalos de 0.5 horas, crepúsculo y oscuridad completa antes que las trampas fueron colocadas por períodos de 1, 4 y 8 horas. Para los experimentos correspondiente de retención, los peces fueron colocados en los recipientes de las trampas de captura y tranquilizados antes de que las trampas fueron colocadas en los tanques. Basados en pruebas de 1 hora la eficiencia de captura fue más alta (porcentajes de captura de peces de 50-25) para los juveniles de matalote jorobado (44-64%; 25-35 mm LT) y mesolarvas en flexión (24-32%; 12-13 mm Lt) y menor para protolarvas de alimentación por vitelo (14-22%; 10-11 mm Lt) y mesolarvas de postflexión (6-20%; 15-20 mm de Lt, algunas metalarvas). La eficiencia de captura se incremento entre pruebas de 1 y 4 horas para protolarvas (14-22% y 22-30% respectivamente) y postflexión de mesolarvas (6-20%, 32-42%) pero no para juveniles (44-64%, 40-52%) (no hubo pruebas de 4 horas para larvas de postflexion). La eficiencia de captura se incremento de nuevo con las pruebas de 8 horas para protolarvas (36-58%) pero no para larvas de postflexión (26-44%) (no hubo pruebas de 8 horas para mesolarvas de flexión o juveniles). Pocos o ninguno de los peces fueron capturados cuando las trampas estuvieron sin iluminación. La eficiencia de captura para series de una hora con protolarvas y mesolarvas de postflexión durante simulaciones de oscuridad (0.5 horas de luz diurna y una reducción gradual de 0.5 horas hasta la oscuridad) fueron menores que para las pruebas nocturnas de 1 hora reportadas con anterioridad (10-16% y 0-10% respectivamente). Dado que las condiciones de campo del agua presenta turbidez, nosotros también conducimos un grupo de experimentos de una hora en agua turbia (50-75 FTUs). La eficiencia de captura para mesolarvas de flexión y postflexión (68-76%, 24-60%) fueron de 2.6 a 2.7 veces mas alta que en agua clara, sin embargo, esto para juveniles (8-20%) fue de dos terceras partes más bajo que en aguas claras. Las eficiencias de retención (porcentajes de peces retenidos) fue alta para protolarvas (68-98%, mayor de 80%), y mesolarvas de postflexión (96-100%) pero algo más bajas para juveniles (56-84%); las eficiencias fueron similares a pesar de la duración de las pruebas (las mesolarvas de flexión no fueron probadas). Con trampas sin luz, la eficiencia de retención en cuatro horas para protolarvas fue mucho más reducida (8-28%); para mesolarvas de postflexión y

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED juveniles (una sola prueba), la reducción en la eficiencia fue menos drástica (72-100%, 40%). La eficiencia de retención durante la simulación (secuencia reversible de luz-oscuridad) fue mas bajo que en la total oscuridad para protolarvas (68-70%) pero cercana para las mesolarvas de postflexión (96-100%) (no existieron pruebas con mesolarvas o juveniles) RUPPERT,J.B. (Larval Fish Laboratory, Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO) Effects of electrofishing fields on embryos and larvae of razorback sucker Efectos de los campos de electropesca sobre los embriones y larvas del matalote jorobado KEYWORDS: razorback sucker; electrofishing; embryos; larvae ABSTRACT Electrofishing over spawning grounds is used to capture adult razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus). Concerns have been raised about potential adverse impacts on spawning adults, developing embryos, and early larvae. In the laboratory, I evaluated effects of selected direct-current pulse frequencies and peak-voltage gradients in homogeneous fields on survival of embryos through hatching and survival and growth of larvae through 4 weeks after treatment. Treatment frequencies at 1.2 V/cm were 80 Hz with 5-ms pulses (40% duty cycle), 60 Hz with 4-ms pulses (24% duty cycle), 30 Hz with 4-ms pulses (12% duty cycle), and 15 Hz with three 1.6-ms pulses at a secondary frequency of 240 Hz (a pulse train patented as CPS; 7% duty cycle). Treatment frequency at 5.0 V/cm and 10.0 V/cm was 60 Hz with 4-ms pulses. Waveforms were square. Selected pulse frequencies and duty cycles were those used in field investigations or recommended to reduce injury to adult fish. Treatment fields were generated between full cross-sectional electrodes in a fiberglass trough by Coffelt Manufacturing’s VVP-15 or CPS Mark XX electrofishing control units and an electrical generator. Tests were conducted in well water at 18.5oC and 650 microsiemens/cm conductivity. Samples of embryos at blastula (33 h after fertilization), early tailbud (78 h), or finfold ( 122 h) developmental stages, or pre-swimup larvae (36 h after hatching) were placed in nylon-mesh baskets and exposed for 10 s to one of the six treatment fields. Control groups for each life-stage were handled the same as treatment groups but without exposure to electricity. Results suggest that electrofishing over razorback sucker spawning grounds is harmful to developing embryos and early larvae. In all treatment or control groups, survival of embryos tended to improve with advancing developmental state; the blastula stage was particularly sensitive to electrical fields. Highest survival of shocked embryos for developmental stages beyond blastula was in the 1.2-V/cm CPS and 30-Hz treatments (90-92% and 75-90%, respectively). Lowest survival at each embryonic developmental stage occurred in the 10-V/cm 60-Hz treatment and ranged from 3% (blastula) to 70% (finfold). Survival in all treatments at blastula (3-50%) and 5.0-V/cm and 10-V/cm 60-Hz treatments at early tailbud or finfold (43-72%) was significantly (P <= 0.05) lower than in corresponding control groups (88-95%). Embryo survival in other treatment groups was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from controls. Survival of larvae over the 4-week period after treatment was not affected by shocking. Growth of larvae in all treatments, as measured by change in standard length, was significantly lower than that of controls; growth was lowest in the 10-V/cm 60-Hz treatment. Among treatments, growth did not differ significantly. CLAVES: matalote jorobado; electropesca; embrión; larva RESUMEN La electropesca es usada en los campos de desove para capturar adultos de matalote jorobado ( Xyrauchen texanus). Una preocupación se ha desarrollado acerca de los impactos potenciales adversos sobre adultos desovantes, embriones en desarrollo, y los primeros estudios larvarios. En el laboratorio, evalué los efectos de la frecuencia de choques eléctricos (pulsos) de corriente directa y gradientes de voltaje en campos homogéneos, sobre la sobrevivencia y crecimiento de larvas en cuatro meses después del tratamiento. La frecuencia del tratamiento a 1.2 V/cm, fueron de 80 Hz en pulsos de 5-ms (40%), 60Hz en pulsos de 4-ms. La forma de la onda fue cuadrada. La frecuencia del pulso seleccionado y los ciclos empleados fueron aquellos usados en las investigaciones de campo o recomendados para reducir el daño a los peces adultos. Los campos de tratamiento fueron generados entre electrodos seccionales-cruzados completos en un canal de fibra de vidrio y por un generador y la unidad VVP-15 de Coffelt Manufacturing o una unidad de control de electropesca CPS Mark XX y un generador eléctrico. Las pruebas fueron realizadas en una columna de agua a 18.5 C y 650 microsiemens/cm de conductividad. Las muestras del embrión a la blástula (33 h después de la fertilización), inicios del brote de la cola (78 h), estudios de desarrollo del pliegue de la aleta, o larvas prenadadoras (36 h después), fueron colocados en canastas de redes de nylon y expuestas por 10 s a uno de los seis tratamientos de campo. Los grupos de control para cada estadio de vida fueron manejados de igual forma que los grupos de tratamiento, pero sin exposición a la electricidad. Los resultados sugieren que la electropesca en los campos de desove del matalote jorobado es dañino para el desarrollo del embrión y estudios larvarios tempranos. En los grupos de tratamiento y de control, la sobrevivencia de

los embriones aumenta con el avance en el estado de desarrollo; la blástula fue particularmente sensitiva a los campos eléctricos. La más alta sobrevivencia de los embriones tratados para los estudios de desarrollo más allá de la blástula fue en los tratamientos de 1.2-V/cm CPS y 30-Hz (90-92% y 75-90%, respectivamente). La más baja sobrevivencia a cada desarrollo embrional ocurrió para el tratamiento de 10-V/cm 60 Hz y varió del 3% (blástula) al 70% (pliegue de la aleta). La sobrevivencia en todos los tratamientos durante el estadio de la blástula (3-50%) y tratamientos 5.0-V/cm y 10V/cm 60 Hz a el brote de la cola o pliegue de la aleta (43-72%) fue significativamente (p<= 0.05) diferente del control. La sobrevivencia de las larvas en el período de 4 semanas después del tratamiento, no fue afectado por el efecto eléctrico. El crecimiento de las larvas en todos los tratamientos, medido por el cambio en la longitud standard, fue significativamente más bajo que en el grupo de control; el crecimiento fue más bajo en el tratamiento 10-V/cm 60-Hz. Entre los tratamientos el crecimiento no difirió significativamente. [HUBBS STUDENT PAPER COMPETITOR] YRURETAGOYENA-UGALDE,C. (Ecologia y Sociedad, Asesorias, Ventas y Servicos, PO Box 230, Calexico, CA 92232) Environmental education: One missing link between science and society La educación ambiental: Un eslabón perdido entre la ciencia y la sociedad KEYWORDS: environmental education; conservation ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to briefly point out some basic concepts that might better contribute to the overall success efforts that decision makers, resource managers and field researchers invest in our planet’s biodiversity conservation. Environmental education is highlighted as one articulated mechanism between scientific knowledge and our societies’ common knowledge and is possibly one missing link that has limited our understanding and comprehension of the many different concepts or significances of our two different “languages and ways of communication”. A working model is proposed that incorporates the three basic elements of communication between scientists and general public. These elements are: (1) The scientific information needed by decision makers and researchers, (2) Transform such information so it may be understood and incorporated into our common knowledge, (3) With this new knowledge or information, initiate a cultural process that will change our attitudes towards the ways we utilized and preserved our resources. A schematic presentation of a hypothetical case is reviewed. CLAVES: educación ambiental; conservación RESUMEN Dentro del presente trabajo, se señalan brevemente, algunos conceptos básicos, para contribuir exitosamente a los labores que persiguen los tomadores de decisiones, los administradores de recursos naturales o los investigadores de campo en la conservación de los recursos naturales. Se resalta como mecanismo de articulación entre el conocimiento científico y el conocimiento común de la sociedad, a la educación ambiental, considerado por el autor como un posible eslabón perdido que no ha permitido el claro entendimiento entre investigadores y publico general. Se propone un “modelo” en donde se incorporan y combinan los 3 aspectos más relevantes de la comunicación, que deben existir entre científicos y público en general y que se resume en: (1) Generar información científica que sea utilizada primeramente por los tomadores de decisiones y conservacionistas, (2) Trasformar e interpretar dicha información, para que sea incorporada al conocimiento común, (3) Gestar mediante la Educación Ambiental, un cambio de actitud hacia el uso y valoración que le damos a los recursos naturales. Se resalta en forma esquemática, un caso problema hipotético del como el modelo puede ser aplicado. \Humpback chub drawing courtesy of University of Nevada Press, Reno, Nevada from “Fishes and Fisheries of Nevada” by Ira La Rivers

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED *KLOCEK,R. (John G. Shedd Aquarium, Fishes Department, Chicago, IL) Species of special concern at public aquaria Especies de interés especial en acuarios públicos KEYWORDS: species of special concern; threatened species; endangered species; public aquaria ABSTRACT Aquaria open to the public have kept protected species for educational display and captive breeding purposes. A survey of such institutions was conducted to list the types of protected aquatic species kept, and if they were propagated. Many invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and fishes are currently being bred, most taxa being foreign to North America. Aquaria personnel offer husbandry and pathology expertise, as well as limited space for future potential breeding programs. A unique asset is an audience of millions of people who visit zoos and aquaria each year, some of whom can be engaged on environmental issues through properly interpreted exhibits of protected species. Stronger ties between governmental, educational and aquaria facilities could be forged for mutual benefits regarding the protection of North American species and habitats. CLAVES: especies de interés especial; especies amenazadas; especies en peligro; acuarios públicos RESUMEN Los acuarios abiertos al público deben proteger especies para programas de educación y propuestas de reproducción en cautiverio. Un estudio de instituciones afines se condujo para enlistar los tipos de especies acuáticas protegidas mantenidas, y si éstas fueron propagadas. Algunos invertebrados, anfibios, reptiles y peces que actualmente procrean, la mayoría de estos taxa existentes son exóticos de Norte América. Personal del acuario ofrece cuidado y experiencia en patología, así como espacios destinados a futuros programas de reproducción potencial. Una ventaja única es una audiencia de millones de gente quien visita los zoológicos acuarios cada año, algunos de los cuales pueden ser reservados para temas ambientales mediante exhibiciones interpretadas adecuadamente sobre especies protegidas. Esfuerzos conjuntos entre el gobierno, acuarios e instituciones de educación podrían ser realizados para alcanzar beneficios mutuos en la protección de las especies y los hábitats de Norte América. CONTRIBUTED PAPER Thirty-eight U.S. Aquariums were surveyed to taken from individual state T.E.S. lists; the U.S. gauge their participation in conservation breeding and Endangered and Threatened Species list, (1994); the related programs for aquatic, Threatened or Endangered Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species, (T.E.S.), including Species Of Special Species (C.I.T.E.S., 1991); and, the International Union Concern, (S.O.S.C.). Taxa included those protected by for the Conservation of Nature (I.U.C.N.), Red Data state, federal, or international laws. Twenty-nine Book (Goombridge, 1993) list. S.O.S.C. species were aquariums responded that they housed such taxa. Their identified from state or federal lists and by field combined number of visitors for 1993 totalled more than researchers who determined that a taxa required 24 million people. The aquariums ranged in size from S.O.S.C. status though it might not have that official collections of 520 to 15,000 specimens, and had annual designation at this time. visitations of from 90,000 to 3 million guests. Marine and freshwater specimens surveyed could include representatives of invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. Aquariums were run by municipal, state, or federal governments, or were organized and administered as private, non-profit institutions. Two were for-profit institutions. METHODS - U.S. Aquariums were surveyed because which are S.O.S.C., 11 T., and 4 are listed as E. Of the of their unique facilities for housing and breeding 14 reptiles taxa, 4 are S.O.S.C., 4 are T., and 6 are aquatic and semi-aquatic species. Zoos were not endangered. (Tables 1 and 2). surveyed unless they had an aquarium component, and Propagation success is noted for 38 of the 56 taxa housed a significant lower vertebrate or invertebrate of invertebrates; 56 of the 59 fish taxa; 16 of the 23 collection. Taxa were asked to be listed to the sub amphibian taxa; and, 12 of the 14 reptile taxa. species level if possible, along with their common name. U.S. species comprise the following percentages of The taxa’s status was listed as Extinct, (EX.); the total taxa; invertebrates 46%; fishes 18%; Endangered, (E.); Threatened, (T.); or, as a Species Of amphibians 39%; and reptiles 43% (Table2). Special Concern, (S.O.S.C.). These designations were RESULTS - A total of 152 taxa are involved in propagation projects, representing 14 invertebrate; 11 fish; 7 amphibian; and, 8 reptile families. Of the 56 invertebrates, - 27 taxa are S.O.S.C., 26 are T., and 1 is E, and 2 are extinct. Fifty-nine fishes taxa contain 11 regarded as S.O.S.C., 3 T., 43 E., and 2 which are extinct. Amphibians are represented by 23 taxa, 8 of

DISCUSSION - Aquariums are the primary repository for imperiled aquatic invertebrate and fish projects among zoological institutions. While some successful amphibian and reptile propagation projects reside in aquariums, zoos which were not included as part of this survey, remain the main propagators of these aquatic and semi-aquatic taxa. The rationale for propagation projects is multifaceted. The conservation of vanishing taxa through propagation has the goals of: potential reintroduction into historic or existing ranges; the preservation of as much genetic variability as possible; the elucidation of the life histories of some taxa; and, the education of the visiting public in conservation issues. Sometimes the choice of taxa to be brought in for propagation projects is based upon the premises that no other types of local, or international organizations can do so in a timely fashion, or have the infrastructure and qualified staff needed to carry out an immediate propagation project. Examples of these types of programs include the Tahitian snail and Madagascar fishes projects. Public education in conservation has taken on a more primary role in zoological institutions in the last several years. Selected vanishing species can be used to illustrate the story of habitat and bio-diversity loss to visitors, while the real work of propagation goes on in behind-the-scenes areas. Despite the fact that these taxa are not charismatic, mega-vertebrates, the story of their decline and recovery can make an intriguing story to visitors, and potentially stimulate a greater understanding of habitat and biodiversity loss problems. Conservation propagation is run under a variety of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - I wish to thank all of the headings in zoological institutions. International institutions and individuals who participated in the programs are structured, multi-institution, long-term surveys and offered advice on the content of the survey. commitment projects that fall under the I.U.C.N./Conservation Breeding Specialist Groups, (C.B.S.G.). American programs of similar caliber are organized as A.Z.A./Species Survival Plans, (S.S.P.). Often the efforts are combined as C.B.S.G./S.S.P. programs, such as in the case of the Lake Victoria, Africa fishes and the Jamaican Island Iguana Programs. S.S.P.’s can not be established without an international component, and advisory biologists from outside of the aquarium community, such as found in the proposed S.S.P.’s for the Desert Fishes and Madagascar Fishes programs. S.S.P.’s generally take 2 to 3 years to organize and document for recognized status by the Wildlife Conservation Management Office of the AZA. Individual taxa can also be worked with through multi-institutional projects sponsored under the A.Z.A./Taxon Advisory Groups, (T.A.G.’s). Presently, there are Invertebrate; Marine Fishes; Freshwater Fishes; Amphibian; and, Reptile T.A.G.’s established, along with many other non-aquatic T.A.G.’s. Often, T.A.G. work leads to the formation of a larger, more formalized S.S.P. program. Individual taxa are sometimes worked with at a single institution depending upon facilities; staff expertise; commitment; and, legal access to the taxa. Reintroduction of taxa is a long-term goal and a good measure of the success of a program. The Western banded killiefish; crested toad; Plymouth red-bellied turtle; and, Moorean snails, have already been reintroduced into parts of their native ranges. The successful sea turtle program has a very small propagation component, but a highly successful head starting and rehabilitation component. A few taxa of Lake Victoria cichlids are scheduled for reintroduction in 1995 and others such as the Texas spring salamanders could be repatriated in the next several years. Conservation propagation projects demand a large time and facilities commitment on the part of participating institutions, and some facilities are at their capacity for the projects they can manager under present circumstances. However, the need to educate visitors about vanishing species and their disappearing habitats, especially in the U.S. remains a prime concern. There is a perception among zoological institution workers that visitors think of biodiversity and habitat loss as occurring almost exclusively in developing nations. A better perspective is needed toward the same problem in the United States. State and federal offices have formed partnerships for successful propagation projects, as evidenced by the 12% co-participation rate (Table 2). This rate could be higher in the future with stronger partnerships being formed between zoological institutions and governmental organizations. LITERATURE CITED ANONYMOUS. 1991. Appendices I, II, and III to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Department of the Interior . U.S.F.W.S. Gov. Printing Office. Title 50, Part 23, Subpart C, Paragraph 23.23. September 30. ANONYMOUS. 1994. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Department of the Interior. U.S. Gov. Printing Office. Title 5OCFR, 17.11 and 17.12. FROST, DARREL R. EDITOR. 1985. Amphibian Species of the World . Allen Press and Assoc. System. Col. Lawrence, KS. GOOMBRIDGE, BRIAN. EDITOR. 1994. 1994 I.U.C.N. Red List of Threatened Animals . I.U.C.N., Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England. ROBINS, RICHARD C., BAILEY M. REEVE, CARL E. BOND, JAMES R. BROOKER, ERNEST A. LACHNER, ROBERT N. LEA AND W. B. SCOTT. 1991. Common and Scientific Names

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED of Fishes from the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Soc. Bethesda, MD. Sp. Pub. 20, Fifth edition. TABLE 1. AQUARIUM AQUATIC PROPAGATION PROGRAMS Abbreviation Key: AZA, American Zoo and Aquarium Association; NCWRC, North Carolina Wildlife Resource Committee; SSP, Species Survival Plan (AZA); CBSG, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (IUCN); IUCN, International Union for the Conservation of Nature; FFTAG, Freshwater Fishes Taxon Advisory Group (AZA); ITAG, Invertebrate Taxon Advisory Group (AZA); USFWS, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Florida DNR, Florida Department of Natural Resources; RTAG, Reptile Taxon Advisory Group (AZA); Group A, AZA/SSP/FFTAG/IUCN/CBSG/Lake Victoria Research Team; NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association; NMFS, National Marine Fisheries Service. TAXA SPONSORING SUCCESSFULCOMMON AREA OF STATUS IN AQUARIUMS NAME ORIGIN NATURE PARTICIPAT- OTHER NO. WITH AGENCIES PROPAGATION NO. OF ING Scleractinia Stony coral Acroporidae Antler corals Acropora aspera ditto Threatened None 1 1Tropical Pacific Acropora cervicornis ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Acropora cytheria ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Acropora digitifera ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Acropora echinata ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Acropora elseyi ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Acropora florida ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Acropora formosa ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Acropora glauca ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Acropora monticulosa ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Acropora micropthalma ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Anacropora sp. ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Montipora digitata Coral SOSC ditto 2 1Tropical Pacific Montipora verrucosa ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Agariciidae Pavona spp. ditto ditto Threatened ditto 2 1 Caryophylliidae Catalaphylia jardinia Elegans coral Indonesia SOSC ditto 5 1 Eusmilia fastigata Smooth flower coral ditto ditto 1 0 Euphyllia spp. ditto ditto Threatened ditto 9 1 Plerogypa spp. Smooth flower coral Indonesia Threatened None 8 2 Dendrophylliidae Turbinaria sp. ditto ditto SOSC ditto 1 1 Faviidae Caulastrea furcata ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Montastrea annularis Boulder star coral Belize ditto ditto 1 0 Montastrea cavernosa Great star coral Florida ditto ditto 1 0 Fungiidae Diaseris fragilis ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Herpolitha limax ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Polyphyllia talpina ditto ditto Threatened ditto 1 1 Zoopilus echinatus ditto ditto SOSC ditto 1 1 Merulinidae Hydnophora rigida ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Pocilloporidae

TAXA SPONSORING SUCCESSFULCOMMON AREA OF STATUS IN AQUARIUMS NAME ORIGIN NATURE PARTICIPAT- OTHER NO. WITH AGENCIES PROPAGATION NO. OF ING Pocillopora damicornis Coral Threatened ditto 2 1Tropical Pacific Seriatopora hystrix ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Stylophora sp. ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Poritidae Porites asteroides Mustard coral Belize ditto ditto 1 0 Porites porites Finger coral Belize ditto ditto 1 0 Porites sp. ditto ditto ditto ditto 6 1 Goniopora sp. ditto ditto ditto 9 2Tropical Pacific Goniopora stokesi Finger coral Belize Threatened None 1 1 Mussidae Cynarina lacrymalis Coral ditto ditto 1 1Tropical Pacific Lobophyllia spp. ditto ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Mollusca Nautilidae Nautilus belauensis Palauan nautilus Palau SOSC None 2 1 Nautilus pompilius Chambered Fiji; nautilus Philippines ditto ditto 6 1 Partulidae Partula hyalina ditto ditto Extinct 1 1 AZA / SSP / CBSG Partula nodosa Tahitian snail ditto ditto 2 2Tahiti; French Planorbidae Planorbella magnifica Magnificent North State N.C. Wildlife ram’s horn snail Carolina Endangered Res. Comm. 11 Unionidae Freshwater mussels Actinonaias AZA/FFTAG; ligamentina Mucket River / Rock SOSC 1 0 Mississippi River, IL ITAG Cyclonaias tuberculata Purple wartyback ditto ditto ditto 1 0 Ellipsaria lineolata Butterfly ditto ditto ditto 1 0 Fusconaia flava Wabash pigtoe ditto ditto ditto 1 0 Lasmigona complanata White ditto and heelsplitter Ohio ditto ditto 2 0 Lampsilis sp. Mucket Ohio SOSC 1 0 AZA/FFTAG; ITAG; Ohio Div. Nat. Res,; Ohio State Univ. Lampsilis siliquoidea Fat mucket ditto None 1 0Rock River, Ligumia recta Black sandshell ditto ditto ditto 1 0 Megalonaias nervosa Washboard ditto ditto 1 0Rock River, Obliquaria reflexa Three horn wartyback ditto ditto ditto 1 0 Obovaria olivaria Hickory nut ditto ditto ditto 1 0 Quadrula metaneura Monkey face ditto ditto ditto 1 0 Quadrula quadrula Maple leaf ditto ditto ditto 1 0

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED TAXA SPONSORING SUCCESSFULCOMMON AREA OF STATUS IN AQUARIUMS NAME ORIGIN NATURE PARTICIPAT- OTHER NO. WITH AGENCIES PROPAGATION NO. OF ING Amphibia Ambystomatidae Ambystoma mexicanum Axolotl Mexico Threatened ditto 1 1 Ambystoma opacum Marbled Massachusett salamander s ditto ditto 1 1 Ambystoma tigrinum Tiger State salamander Endangered ditto ditto 1 0 Bufonidae Bufo aluarius Colorado river toad Colorado SOSC ditto 1 0 Bufo guttatus Smooth sided Northern toad South ditto ditto 1 1 Bufo hemiophrys Wyoming Game baxteri Wyoming toad Wyoming Endangered 1 0 USFWS; and Parks Commission Peltophryne lemur Puerto Rico crested toad Puerto Rico ditto AZA/SSP 2 0 Cryptobranchidae Cryptobranchus NY Fish allegeniensis New York SOSC 1 0 Wildl. Dendrobatidae Dendrobates auratus Costa Rica Threatened None 4 4Green and Black arrow Dendrobates azureus Blue arrow Brazil, poison frog Guyana, ditto ditto 7 6 Dendrobates Granulated dart granuliferus frog ditto ditto ditto 2 2 Dendrobates histrionicus Kokoe-Pa dart frog Central ditto ditto 2 2 So. America Dendrobates Yellow banded Venezuela, leucomelas arrow poison Guiana, ditto ditto 4 4 Dendrobates pum ilio Strawberry dart Central frog America ditto ditto 2 2 Dendrobates Reticulated dart South reticulatus frog America ditto ditto 2 2 Dendrobates tinctorius Dying arrow French, poison frog Guiana, Threatened None 6 6 Epipedobates tricolor Tricolor dart South frog America ditto ditto 3 3 Plethodontidae Eurycea sp. Comal springs salamander Texas SOSC Park & Rec. 1 1 USFWS; Texas Parks & Wildlife; New Braunfel Dept.; Edwards Aquifer Res.& Data Center

TAXA SPONSORING SUCCESSFULCOMMON AREA OF STATUS IN AQUARIUMS NAME ORIGIN NATURE PARTICIPAT- OTHER NO. WITH AGENCIES PROPAGATION NO. OF ING Typhlomolge rathbuni Texas blind Aquifer Res. & salamander Data Center;ditto Endangered 1 1 SW Texas State Univ.; Edwards USFWS; Texas Parks & Wildlife Ranidae Rana yavapaiensis Lowland leopard frog Arizona SOSC None 1 1 Rhacophoridae Mantella aurantiana Golden mantella frog Madagascar ditto ditto 3 1 Mantella laevigata Mantella frog ditto ditto ditto 1 0 Mantella viridis Green mantella frog Madagascar SOSC None 1 0 Alligatoridae Caiman crocodilus yacare Yacare caiman ditto Endangered ditto 1 1 Iguanidae Paleosuchus South palpebrosus Dwarf caiman SOSC ditto 1 0America Boidae Eunectes murinus Green anaconda ditto ditto 1 1South America Cheloniidae Caretta caretta Loggerhead sea Circum-tropi DNR; North turtle cal Carolina WRC; Threatened 8 2 USFWS; Florida Univ. of Virginia Chelonia mydas Green sea turtle ditto ditto 12 1Circum-tropi cal Lepidochelys kempii Ridley sea turtle Carolina; Endangered 3 1 Texas; North Florida North Carolina WRC; USFWS; Texas A & M Univ. Emydidae Clemmys guttata Spotted turtle SOSC None 1 1New Hampshire Clemmys muhlenbergi Bog turtle New York Endangered ditto 2 1 Graptemys oculifera Ringed sawback turtle U.S. Threatened ditto 2 1 Pseudemys rubriventris Plymouth red Massachusett State Massachusetts bangsii bellied turtle s Threatened Fish & Wildlife 11 Iguanidae Cyclura nubila lewisi Blue headed Cayman iguana Islands Endangered AZA/RTAG; 1 0 Pelomedusidae Podocnemis expansa Giant South Northern American turtle South ditto ditto 4 4 Podocnemis unifilis Yellow spotted Northern AZA/CBSG/IUC turtle South N/CBSG SOSC 4 2 Testudinidae Geochelone carbonaria Red footed tortoise ditto Endangered ditto 1 1

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED TAXA SPONSORING SUCCESSFULCOMMON AREA OF STATUS IN AQUARIUMS NAME ORIGIN NATURE PARTICIPAT- OTHER NO. WITH AGENCIES PROPAGATION NO. OF ING Osteichthys Ceratodidae Neoceratodus forsteri Australian AZA/FFTAG; lungfish Lungfish GroupAustralia Threatened 5 1 Cichlidae Astatotilapia piceatus Thief cichlid Endangered Group A 3 3Lake Victoria, Haplochromis degeni Degani cichlid ditto ditto 3 3 Aqua Science Res Gp.; Group Haplochromis macula Purplehead cichlid ditto ditto ditto 4 4 Haplochromis Large jaw maxillaris cichlid ditto ditto Group A 1 1 Haplochromis Straight mouth Lake Michigan State orthostoma cichlid Victoria, Univ; Group AEndangered 6 6 Haplochromis perrieri Pierrier’s cichlid ditto ditto ditto 6 6 Haplochromis sp. 1 Spot-bar cichlid ditto ditto 4 4 Group A; SW Ohio Univ. Haplochromis sp. 2 Hippo point Michigan State salmon Univ. ditto ditto 1 1 Haplochromis sp. 3 Mbita gold-chest ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Haplochromis sp. 4 Chilotes ditto ditto Group A 1 1 Haplochromis sp. 5 Red-eye guiarti ditto ditto ditto 4 4 Haplochromis sp. 6 Oral-sheller ditto ditto Univ.; Aqua Sci. 1 1 Mich. State Res. Group; Haplochromis sp. 7 Rock-Kribensis ditto, Uganda ditto Group A 2 2 Haplochromis sp. 8 Madonna ditto ditto 1 1 Aqua Sci. Res. Group; Group A Haplochromis sp. 9 Pink flush ditto ditto SW Ohio Univ. 1 1 Haplochromis sp. 10 Red anal ditto ditto 1 1 Mich. State Univ.; Group A Haplochromis sp. 11 Salmon ditto Group A 1 1Lake Victoria, Haplochromis sp. 12 Serranus-like Endangered Group A 2 2Lake Victoria Haplochromis sp. 13 Two strip-white lip ditto Extinct ditto 3 3 Haplochromis sp. 14 Utajo ditto Endangered ditto 1 1 Harpagochromis pectoralis Cichlid ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Nandopis beani Sinaloa cichlid SOSC None 1 1Sonora, Mexico Oreochromis Lake esculentus Ngege tilapia Endangered Group A 3 3Victoria, Paralabidochromis Slant-tooth Group A; SW plagiodon cichlid Ohio Univ.ditto ditto 6 6 Paratilapia pollen Blue spotted Madgascar SOSC AZA/FFTAG 3 3 Pytochromis ishmaeli Thick-skin Lake cichlid Victoria, Endangered Group A 2 2

TAXA SPONSORING SUCCESSFULCOMMON AREA OF STATUS IN AQUARIUMS NAME ORIGIN NATURE PARTICIPAT- OTHER NO. WITH AGENCIES PROPAGATION NO. OF ING Ptyochromis Group A; SW xenognathus Old-jaw cichlid ditto ditto 3 3 Ohio Univ. Cyprinidae Gila ditaenia Sonora chub ditto SOSC USFWS 1 1 Gila intermedia Gila chub Arizona ditto None 1 1 Notropis bifrenatus Bridle shiner ditto 1 1Massachusett State s Threatened Puntius cumingi Cuming’s barb Sri Lanka SOSC ditto 1 1 Puntius nigrofasciatus Black ruby barb ditto ditto ditto 2 2 Puntius titteya Cherry barb ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon alvarezi Perrito de Potosi Nuevo Leon Extinct 1 1 Univ. de Neuvo Leon Cyprinodon eximius Conchos river Texas and Univ. de Nuevo pupfish Mexico Leon; TexasThreatened 1 1 Cyprinodon Charco la longidorsalis Palma pupfish Mexico Endangered None 2 2 Cyprinodon macularius Quitobaquito eremus pupfish Arizona ditto USFWS 1 1 Cyprinodon macularius ssp. Desert pupfish ditto Dept. Fish & 4 4California; Arizona USFWS; Cal. Game. Cyprinodon veronicae Charco azule Univ. de Nuevo pupfish Leon Mexico SOSC 2 2 Fundulus diaphanus Western banded State Ohio Div. of menona killiefish Endangered WildlifeOhio 1 1 Megupsilon aporus Dwarf pupfish Mexico ditto 2 2 Univ. de Nuevo Leon Gobiidae Chlamydogobius eremius Desert goby Australia SOSC None 1 1 Goodeidae Allotoca maculata Opal goodeid Mexico Endangered ditto 2 2 Ameca splendens Butterfly goodeid ditto ditto ditto 3 3 Ataeniobius toweri Blue-tailed goodeid ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Characodon lateralis Rainbow goodeid ditto ditto ditto 1 0 Girardinichthys viviparus Mexiclapique ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Skiffia francesae Golden skiffia Mexico Endangered None 1 1 Xenoophorus captivus Green goodeid ditto ditto ditto 1 1 Osteoglossidae Arapaima gigas Arapaima ditto ditto 2 0South America Scleropages formosus Asian Bonytongue S.E. Asia ditto ditto 2 0 Percidae Etheostoma fonticola Fountain darter Texas ditto 1 1 USFWS; Texas Pks. Salmonidae

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED TAXA SPONSORING SUCCESSFULCOMMON AREA OF STATUS IN AQUARIUMS NAME ORIGIN NATURE PARTICIPAT- OTHER NO. WITH AGENCIES PROPAGATION NO. OF ING Oncorhynchus spp. Winter run Tyee Fishing salmon Club; NOAA;U.S. SOSC 1 1 USFWS; Cal. Fish & Game; Pac. Coast Fishing Assoc. Scombridae Thunnus thynnus Bluefin tuna ditto NMFS 2 0Virginia, California Poeciliidae Poeciliopsis Arizona/New occidentalis Gila topminnow Endangered USFWS 1 1Mexico Xiphophorus Monterey Univ. de Neuvo couchianus platyfish Leon Mexico ditto 2 2 Xiphophorus gordoni Quatro Coahuila, USFWS; Univ. Cienegas Mexico de Neuvo Leonditto 2 2 Xiphophorus meyeri Muzquiz platyfish Mexico ditto ditto 3 3 Xiphophorus milleri Lake Catemaco Vera Cruz platyfish Mexico ditto ditto 2 2

TABLE 2. TOTALS FOR TAXA UNDER CONSERVATION PROPAGATION (SUMMARIZED FROM TABLE 1). TAXA TOTAL NO. FAMILIES TOTAL NO. TAXA NO. TAXA PROPAGATED PERCENT SUCCESSFULLY PROPAGATED NO. U.S. TAXA PROPAGATED U.S. TAXA % OF TOTAL NUMBER OF GOVERNMENT COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS PERCENT OF GOVERNMENT COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS Invertebrates 14 56 38 68 26 46 2 4 Fishes 11 59 56 93 11 18 9 15 Amphibians 72 3 1 6 7 0 9 3 9 4 1 8 Reptiles 81 4 1 2 8 6 6 4 3 4 2 9 TOTALS 40 152 122 80 52 34 19 12

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED STOCKWELL,C.A. ; MULVEY,M. (CAS - Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV; MM - Savannah River Ecology* Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC) Preserving allelic diversity: Are translocations successful? Preservación de la diversidad de alelos: ¿Son exitosas las translocaciones? KEYWORDS: translocation; refugia; allozymes; allelic diversity; heterozygosity; mosquitofish ABSTRACT Translocation of threatened and endangered fish species is a commonly used conservation tool. Despite the extensive use of refugia, the biological implications of translocations remain poorly understood. Of particular interest is the effect of translocation on genetic variability. Maintenance of genetic variability in refugia populations is assumed to be important for short-term and long-term success. We examined allozyme variability at 17 loci for mosquitofish Gambusia affinis populations with known introduction histories. Translocation history had little effect on genetic variability as measured by heterozygosity. However, refugia populations had considerably lower levels of allelic diversity than parental populations. All losses were of relatively rare alleles (less than 0.1 frequency in the parental populations). The results of a Monte Carlo simulation suggest that the observed loss of allelic variability was produced by an undocumented bottleneck early in the translocation history. These results are surprising because mosquitofish have numerous reproductive traits that should maximize effective population size, which in turn should increase the probability of retaining genetic variability in refugia populations. CLAVES: translocación; refugio; alozimas; diversidad alélica; heterocigocidad; pez mosquito RESUMEN Translocaciones de especies de peces amenazadas y en peligro es una herramienta usada comúnmente en conservación. A pesar del uso de refugios, las implicaciones biológicas de las translocaciones permanecen pobremente entendidas. De particular interés es el efecto de la translocación en la variabilidad genética. El mantenimiento de la variabilidad genética en poblaciones de refugio se asume es importante para sucesos a corto y largo plazo. Examinamos la variabilidad de alozimas en 17 loci para poblaciones de pez mosquito Gambusia affinis con un historial de introducción conocido. La historia de translocación tiene poco efecto sobre la variabilidad genética como medida de heterocigocidad. Sin embargo, poblaciones de refugio tiene niveles considerablemente mas bajos de diversidad alélica que las poblaciones parentales. Todas las pérdidas fueron de alelos relativamente raros (menos del 0.1 de frecuencia en las poblaciones parentales). Los resultados de una simulación Monte Carlo sugiere que las pérdidas observadas de variabilidad alélica fue producida por un cuello de botella no documentado tempranamente en la historia de la translocación. Estos resultados son sorprendentes debido a que el pez mosquito tiene numerosos rasgos reproductivos que pueden maximizar el tamaño efectivo de la población, lo cual podría incrementar la probabilidad de retener la variabilidad genética en poblaciones de refugio. [HUBBS STUDENT PAPER COMPETITOR] KNOWLES,GLEN W. ; MARSH,PAUL C.; BAGLEY,BRIAN E. (GWK - Arizona State University, Department of Zoology, Tempe, AZ; PCM, BEB* - Arizona State University, Center for Environmental Studies, Tempe, AZ) The importance of recognizing illusory populations of fishes La importancia del reconocimiento de las poblaciones ilusorias de peces KEYWORDS: illusory populations; pseudo-extirpation; loach minnow; Eagle Creek; Rhinichthys cobitis; Arizona ABSTRACT We define as illusory those extant populations of a species that are difficult to detect by sampling, either due to the behavior of the animal, the complexities of its habitat, or both. These species may seem absent from a locality when in fact they are not, even if there is a concentrated effort to detect their presence. An example: in 1950, Robert R. Miller collected fishes from Eagle Creek, AZ, which included loach minnow (Tiaroga cobitis). Since then, the stream has been monitored by numerous investigators, with some recent sampling efforts being quite extensive and actually targeting loach minnow habitat, yet this species had not been recollected. In July 1994, we captured ten loach minnow from a single Eagle Creek riffle. Absence of loach minnow from collections of the past four decades had suggested that it was extirpated from this part of its native range. This “pseudo-extirpation,” the erroneous belief that a species is extirpated from a locality, is not uncommon in the recent history of Arizona’s native fish fauna. Unfortunately, species that are assumed extirpated may not be given management consideration. This presents a problem, since the species is still there. Managers need to recognize the difficulty in accurately assessing the status of illusory fish populations, and understand that the error of “pseudo-extirpation” could ultimately result in extinction.

CLAVES: poblaciones ilusorias; pseudo-extirpación; loach minnow; Eagle Creek; Rhinichthys cobitis ; Arizona RESUMEN Definimos como ilusorio aquellas poblaciones intactas (no dañadas) de especies que son difíciles de detectar por muestreo, ya sea debido a la conducta del animal o a las complejidades de su habitat, o ambas. Estas especies pueden parecer ausentes de una localidad cuando en realidad no están ausentes, aún si hay esfuerzos concentrados para detectar su presencia. Un ejemplo: en 1950, Robert R. M iller, colectó peces de Eagle Creek, en Arizona, el cual incluyó loach minnow (Tiaroga cob itis). Desde entonces el arroyo ha sido monitoreado por numerosos investigadores, siendo algunos de los muestreos más recientes más extensivos y de hecho orientándose al habitat de loach minnow, todavía esta especie no ha sido recolectada. En julio de 1994, capturamos 10 loach minnow de un simple recodo en Eagle Creek. La ausencia de loach minnow de las colecciones de las pasadas cuatro décadas sugieren que fueron extirpadas de esta parte de su extensión nativa. Esta “pseudo-extirpacion”, la creencia errónea de que una especie es extirpada de una localidad, es poco común en la historia reciente de la ictiofauna nativa de Arizona. Desafortunadamente, las especies que se suponen extirpadas pueden no estar en las consideraciones de manejo dadas. Esto presenta un problema después para las especies que se encuentran ahí. Los manejadores necesitan reconocer las dificultades de valorar con precisión el estatus de las poblaciones ilusorias de peces, y entender que el error de “pseudo-extirpación” podría resultar a final de cuentas en extinción. [HUBBS STUDENT PAPER COMPETITOR] BOWES,N. ; CROWL,T.A. (NB and TAC - Ecology Center and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Utah State University, Logan, UT)* The role of native and introduced fish species on high mountain, desert stream communities El papel de las especies nativas e introducidas en las comunidades de arroyos desérticos de altas montañas KEYWORDS: trout; predation; competition; non-native species; community dynamics; streams ABSTRACT Fish have been known to have profound effects on aquatic food webs. Introduced fish species in particular can dramatically alter food web dynamics. The overall effects of fish, as well as, differences in introduced and native fish species effects, are not well understood in lotic systems, however. We conducted a large scale in situ experiment to determine how native and introduced fish species affected a stream food web. We fenced off sections of a stream in the Uinta mountains and manipulated the top fish predator in each section. The experiment consisted of 3 replicates of brook trout only (introduced), cutthroat trout only (native), brook and cutthroat trout, sculpin (native), and no fish treatments. Invertebrate density and behavior and algal production was monitored throughout the experiment. Our results suggest that both biotic and physical attributes were important in governing food web dynamics in this system. In particular, the different feeding behaviors exhibited by the fish affected the abundance and behavior of the invertebrate prey assemblage. CLAVES: trucha; depredación; competencia; especies no nativas; dinámica de comunidades; arroyos RESUMEN Es conocido que los peces causan profundos efectos sobre las cadenas alimenticias acuáticas. Las especies de peces introducidas en particular, pueden alterar dramáticamente la dinámica de las cadenas alimenticias. Sin embargo, en general los efectos del pez, así como las diferencias de los efectos entre las especies nativas e introducidas, no son bien conocidas en los sistemas lóticos. Nosotros conducimos un experimento in situ a gran escala, para determinar como las especies de peces nativas e introducidas afectan las cadenas alimenticias en las corrientes de agua. Nosotros cercamos secciones de un arroyo en las montañas Uinta y manipulamos al pez depredador tope en cada sección. El experimento consistió de tres réplicas de solo trucha de arroyo (brook trout) especie introducida, solo trucha (cutthroat trout), truchas de arroyo y cutthroat, sculpin (nativo), y tratamiento sin peces. La densidad de invertebrados, comportamiento y producción de algas fue monitoreado durante el experimento. Nuestros resultados sugieren que ambos, atributos físicos y bióticos fueron importantes en el equilibrio de la cadena alimenticia de este sistema. En particular, los diferentes comportamientos de alimentación exhibidos por los peces, afectaron la abundancia y comportamiento de la comunidad de invertebrados presa.

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED VELASCO,A.L. (Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501) Variance in fish populations of Aravaipa Creek, Arizona Varianza en poblaciones de peces de Aravaipa Creek, Arizona KEYWORDS: southwestern fishes; endangered species; population ecology; management; Aravaipa Creek; Arizona ABSTRACT Trends of decline and extirpation in southwestern fish populations have over time catalyzed field studies resulting in management decisions. Yet, populations continue to decline, indicating either misinterpretation of field data or a pattern of ineffectual agency decisions. Field data often represent short-term studies, which may be of questionable value in interpretation of long-term trends. Analyses of variance for fish populations in Aravaipa Creek were conducted using short-term and long-term datasets. Variance is described in respect to location, time, and species composition. Population variance provides information on ecological processes critical to effective management applications. CLAVES: peces del suroeste; especies en peligro; ecología de poblaciones; manejo; Aravaipa Creek; Arizona RESUMEN Las tendencias de declinación y extirpación de las poblaciones de peces del Suroeste a través del tiempo han motivado estudios de campo, que han resultado en decisiones de manejo. Las poblaciones aún continúan declinando, lo cual indica interpretaciones erróneas de los datos de campo o decisiones ineficientes por parte de las agencias. Los datos de campo a menudo representan estudios a corto plazo, los cuales pueden ser de valor cuestionable en la interpretación de las tendencias a largo plazo. Los análisis de varianza para las poblaciones de peces en Aravaipa Creek fueron realizadas usando datos de corto y largo plazo. La varianza se describe respecto a la localidad, tiempo y composición de especies. La varianza de la población proporciona información sobre los procesos ecológicos críticos para aplicarse en el manejo efectivo. GORMAN,OWEN T. ; SEALS,JOHN M. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 338, Flagstaff, AZ 86002-0338)* Habitat use by the endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha) in the Little Colorado River, Arizona near Grand Canyon Uso del hábitat por el charal jorobado (Gila cypha), especie en peligro de extinción, en el Little Colorado River (Pequeño Río Colorado), Arizona, cerca del Gran Cañón KEYWORDS: Cyprinidae; Gila cypha; ecology; streams; habitat; endangered species; Grand Canyon; Arizona ABSTRACT The objective of our study was to determine habitat use by the endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha) in the Little Colorado River. During the day, subadult (>150 mm TL) and adult humpback chub (>210 mm TL) used habitats 80 to >300 cm depth, very slow to slow currents (0.02-0.30 m/s), associated with areas containing a mix of sand, cobble, and small and large boulder substrates, used near-benthic vertical positions (>=80% depth), and associated with areas with a mix of low and high vertical structure and cover. At night, subadult and adult humpback chub showed a shift in habitat use to include more shallow (<100 cm), open areas with less vertical structure and cover, fewer large substrates, slow currents (0.10-0.30 m/s), and mid-water vertical positions. When available, adult chubs showed some association with travertine dams and reefs. In contrast, juvenile humpback chub (100-150 mm TL) were restricted to more shallow areas (80-200 cm deep) and used midwater to near- benthic vertical positions and did not show a strong a nocturnal shift in habitat use. Young-of-year (YOY) humpback chub were largely restricted to shallow (<150 cm deep), near shore (< 600 cm lateral distance) areas with slow currents, a mixture of fine, cobble and small boulder substrates, moderate cover and vertical structure, and used midwater and lower pelagic vertical positions. At night YOY tended to shift to areas closer to shore/edges, zero to slow currents, increased vertical structure and cover, and primarily used near-benthic vertical positions. Adult and subadult vs YOY humpback chub showed a complementary pattern of habitat use. However, juvenile chub showed an intermediate habitat use pattern between YOY and adults; this may be a reflection of an ontogenetic shift in habitat use in humpback chub in the 100-150 mm size class. CLAVES: Cyprinidae; Gila cypha; ecología; corrientes; hábitat; especies en peligro; Gran Cañón; Arizona RESUMEN El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar el uso del hábitat por el charal jorobado (Gila cypha) en peligro de extinción en el Pequeño Río Colorado. Durante el día, el charal jorobado subadulto (>150 mm LT) y el adulto (>210mm LT) usaron hábitats de 80 a >300 cm de profundidad, en corrientes de muy lentas a lentas (0.20-0.30 m/s), asociados con áreas que contienen una mezcla de arena, canto rodado, y pequeños y grandes substratos redondeados, usaron posiciones verticales casi bénticas (>=80% de profundidad), y asociadas con áreas con una mezcla baja y alta

de estructura vertical y cobertura. Por la noche, el subadulto y el adulto mostraron intercambio en el uso del hábitat para incluir áreas más someras (<100 cm) y abiertas con menos estructura vertical y cobertura, menos substratos grandes, corrientes lentas (0.10-0.30 m/s), y posiciones verticales a la mitad del agua. Cuando estuvieron disponibles, los charales adultos mostraron cierta asociación con vertedores y arrecifes. En contraste, los charales juveniles (100-150 mm LT) estuvieron restringidos a áreas más someras (80-200 cm de profundidad) y usaron posiciones desde la mitad del agua hasta casi bénticas y no mostraron un intercambio nocturno fuerte en el uso del hábitat. Los charales jorobados de un año (YOY - 100-150 mm TL) estuvieron muy restringidos a áreas someras (<150 cm de profundidad), cercanas a la orilla (<600 cm de distancia lateral) con corrientes lentas, una mezcla de canto rodado fino y pequeños substratos de piedras redondeadas, de moderada cobertura y estructura vertical, y usaron posiciones verticales a la mitad del agua y más abajo que pelágico. Durante la noche los YOY tendieron a intercambiar a áreas más cercanas a las orillas/límites, corrientes nulas o bajas, estructura vertical y cobertura incrementadas y usaron primariamente posiciones verticales casi bénticas. Adultos y subadultos y los YOY mostraron un patrón complementario de uso del hábitat. Sin embargo, los juveniles mostraron un patrón de uso de hábitat intermedio entre los YOY y los adultos; esto podría ser un reflejo de un intercambio ontogenético en el uso del hábitat del charal jorobado en la clase de tamaño de 100-150 mm. SEALS,JOHN M. ; GORMAN,OWEN T. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 338, Flagstaff, AZ 86002-0338)* Habitat use by speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus), and flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis) in the Little Colorado River, Arizona near Grand Canyon Uso del hábitat por speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus), y flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis) en el Pequeño Río Colorado (Little Colorado River), Arizona cerca del Gran Cañón KEYWORDS: Cyprinidae; speckled dace; Catostomidae; bluehead sucker; flannelmouth sucker; ecology; streams; habitat; Grand Canyon; Arizona ABSTRACT The objective of our study was determine habitat use by native fishes in the Little Colorado River. In this paper I will present habitat use patterns for speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus), and flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis). During the day, speckled dace showed a relatively generalized pattern of habitat use; they were associated with near shore/edge areas (<600 cm lateral distance) of shallow to moderate depth (20-150 cm), a mix of sand, cobble and small boulder substrates, moderate cover and vertical structure, and upper to lower pelagic vertical positions. At night speckled dace used a similar array of habitats but shifted their use of vertical position down to the lower half of the water column. During the day, bluehead suckers used moderate to deep habitats (50-200 cm), slow to fast currents (0.1-1.20 m/s), a mixture of sand, cobbles and small to very large boulders, near-benthic vertical positions, and moderate vertical structure and cover. At night, blueheads shifted into shallower, more open areas with moderate currents (0.30-0.70 m/s), more sand and fewer large boulders C:\OFFICE30\NB.HLPtructure and cover. Flannelmouth suckers showed a similar pattern as the blueheads except that they used areas with slower currents (0.0-0.70 m/s) and were less strongly associated with large substrates. CLAVES: Cyprinidae; speckled dace; Catostomidae; bluehead sucker; flannelmouth sucker; ecología; corrientes; hábitat; Gran Cañón; Arizona RESUMEN El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar el uso del hábitat por peces nativos en el Pequeño Río Colorado. En este documento presentaré patrones de uso del hábitat para speckled dace, bluehead sucker y flannelmouth sucker. Durante el día speckled dace mostró un patrón relativamente generalizado de uso del hábitat; estuvieron asociados con áreas límite/cercanas a la orilla (<600 cm de distancia lateral) de profundidades de someras a moderadas (20-150 cm), una mezcla de arena, substratos de canto rodado y pequeños guijarros, moderadas cobertura y estructura vertical, y posiciones verticales pelágicas de superiores a inferiores. En la noche, speckled dace usó un orden similar de hábitats pero cambió su uso de la posición vertical inferior a la mitad inferior de la columna de agua. Durante el día, bluehead sucker usó hábitats de moderados a profundos (50-200 cm), corrientes de lentas a rápidas (0.1-1.2 m/s), una mezcla de arenas, guijarros y cantos rodados de pequeños a muy grandes, posiciones verticales casi bénticas, y moderadas estructura vertical y cobertura. En la noche, blueheads se cambiaron hacia áreas someras y más abiertas con corrientes moderadas (0.30-0.70 m/s), más arena y pocos cantos rodados grandes y menos estructura vertical y cobertura. Flannelmouth suckers mostraron un patrón similar al de los blueheads excepto que usaron áreas con corrientes más lentas (0.0-0.70 m/s) y estuvieron menos fuertemente asociados con substratos grandes.

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED ALLAN,N.L. ; OTIS,E.O.; WEISS,S.J.; MAUGHAN,O.E. (Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Arizona, Tucson,* Arizona) Biotic and abiotic factors affecting distribution of native fishes in streams tributary to the Colorado River in Grand Canyon Factores bióticos y abióticos que afectan la distribución de peces nativos en arroyos afluentes del Río Colorado en Gran Cañón KEYWORDS: Catostomus discobolus; Catostomus latipinnis; Rhinichthys osculus; Colorado River; Grand Canyon; Arizona ABSTRACT Fish populations from six small streams in or near the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were surveyed seasonally between January 1992 and A ugust 1993. Fish were sampled on each stream throughout the first 5 km upstream from the confluence with the Colorado River; and up to 14 km of some streams. Native fish species commonly encountered were bluehead sucker, Catostomus (Pantosteus) discobolus, flannelmouth sucker, Catostomus latipinnis, and speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus. Shinumo and Kanab Creeks contained perennial populations of C. discobolus and R. osculus. The Paria River always contained R. osculus, but C. latipinnis only occurred in the spring. The fish community in Bright Angel Creek was dominated by introduced trout (Salmo trutta and Oncorhynchus mykiss), with C. latipinnis, C. discobolus and R. osculus occurring seasonally. Tapeats Creek was occupied only by O. mykiss. No fish were observed in Deer Creek upstream from it’s mouth. The most significant factors determining native fish distribution were the physical stream habitat conditions (especially water temperatures), presence of introduced trout, waterfalls that limit upstream movement of fish, and spawning migrations. CLAVES: Catostomus discobolus; Catostomus latipinnis; Rhinichthys osculus; Río Colorado; Gran Cañón; Arizona RESUMEN Las poblaciones de seis pequeños arroyos dentro o cercanos al Gran Cañón, en Arizona, fueron evaluadas estacionalmente entre Enero de 1992 y Agosto de 1993. Los peces fueron muestreados en cada arroyo a través de los primeros 5 Km río-arriba, desde la confluencia con el Río Colorado; y hacia arriba hasta 14 Km de algunos arroyos. Los peces nativos comúnmente encontrados fueron el matalote de cabeza azul (bluehead sucker) Catostomus (Pantosteus) discobolus, flannelmouth sucker, Catostomus latipinnis y speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus, los ríos Shinumo y Kanab contenían poblaciones perennes de C. discobolus y R. osculus. El río Paria siempre contuvo R. osculus pero C. latipinnis solamente ocurría en primavera. La comunidad de peces en el Bright Angel Creek fue dominada por las truchas introducidas Salmo trutta y Oncorhynchus mykiss, ocurriendo estacionalmente. El arroyo Tapeats fue ocupado solamente por O. mykiss, ningún pez fue observado río-arriba de la desembocadura del Deer Creek. los factores mas significativos que determinan la distribución de los peces nativos fueron las condiciones físicas del habitat del arroyo (especialmente temperatura del agua), presencia de la trucha introducida, cascadas que limitan los movimientos hacia arriba de los peces y migración de desove. MARSH,P.C. ; DOUGLAS,M.E. (PCM - Arizona State University, Center for Environmental Studies, Tempe, AZ; MED - Arizona State University, Department of Zoology* and Museum, Tempe, AZ.) Humpback chub as food of non-native fishes in the Little Colorado River El charal jorobado como alimento de peces no nativos en el Pequeño Río Colorado KEYWORDS: humpback chub; Gila cypha; channel catfish; salmonids; non-native fishes; Little Colorado River; Grand Canyon; predation; endangered species ABSTRACT We examined foods of non-native rainbow and brown trout, channel catfish, and yellow and black bullhead in monthly samples from the Little Colorado River, Arizona, from June 1991 to July 1994. Food items varied among species, were low in diversity, and dominated by detritus, algae, and aquatic insects. Endangered humpback chub and other native fishes appeared minor components (5% frequency of occurrence in 315 guts). However, non-native fish are abundant, and even modest predation rates could result in consumption of substantial numbers of native fish. For example, if 5% of predators each eat 2 fish a week (the average number per stomach), then as few as 1,000 predators would consume 5,200 fish a year. Consumed chubs that we were able to measure (n = 11) averaged 121 mm TL and were mostly yearlings. We have not quantified age/size specific mortality, but recaptures of PIT-tagged individuals >150 mm TL suggest rates are low. Thus, annual loss to non-native predators of several thousand young chub could significantly impact the native population, even to the point of limiting or reducing population size by curtailing recruitment.

CLAVES: charal jorobado; Gila cypha ; bagre de canal; salmónidos; peces no nativos; Pequeño Río Colorado; Gran Cañón; depredación;especies en peligro RESUMEN Examinamos alimentos de peces no nativos, truchas arcoiris y café, bagre de canal, y de bullhead amar illo y negro, en muestras mensuales del Pequeño Río Colorado, en Arizona, de Junio a Julio de 1994. Los productos alimenticios variaron entre las especies, fueron bajos en diversidad, dominando detritis, algas e insectos acuáticos. El charal jorobado, especie en peligro y otros peces nativos aparecen como componentes menores (5% de frecuencia de ocurrencia en 315 intestinos). No obstante, los peces no nativos son abundantes, e incluso las tasas de depredación modestas podría resultar en un consumo de números substanciales de peces nativos. Por ejemplo, si un 5% de depredadores come cada uno dos peces en una semana (el número promedio por estómago), entonces tan pocos como 1,000 depredadores, hubieran consumido 5,200 peces en un año. Los charales consumidos que fuimos capases de medir (n=11) promediaron 121 mm LT y fueron en su mayoría organismos del año. No cuantificamos época y tamaño de mortalidad específica, pero recapturas individuales PIT-etiquetados >150 mm LT, sugieren que las tasas son bajas. De este m odo, la pérdida anual por depredadores no nativos de varios miles de charales jóvenes, pudiera significativamente impactar las poblaciones nativas, hasta el punto de limitar o reducir el tamaño de las poblaciones por baja en el reclutamiento. CONVERSE ,Y.K. (YKC - Fish and Wildlife Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT)* Use of geomorphology to predict subadult humpback chub distribution in the Colorado River of Grand Canyon Uso de la geomorfología para predecir la distribución de subadultos del charal jorobado en el Río Colorado en el Gran Cañón KEYWORDS: humpback chub; geomorphology; shoreline; geology; hydraulics; Colorado River; Grand Canyon ABSTRACT Subadult (less than 200 mm TL) humpback chub ( Gila cypha ) densities were examined for 16 miles of the Colorado River below the confluence of the Little Colorado River. Geology and surficial hydraulic criteria were used to describe geomorphic reaches. Geomorphic processes were used to describe shoreline types within geomorphic reaches. Narrow reaches with greater total eddy area had higher densities than wider reaches with greater total riffle area. Vegetation, talus and debris fan shorelines with greater fish densities, had lower velocities, were deeper and offered more cover than bedrock, cobble and sand shorelines. Stability of these conditions for the range of Interim Flow Operations of Glen Canyon Dam was also examined. CLAVES: charal jorobado; geomorfología; orilla; geología; hidráulicos; Río Colorado; Gran Cañón RESUMEN Densidades de subadultos (menos de 200 mm de LT) del charal jorobado ( Gila cypha ) fueron examinadas en 16 millas en el Río Colorado confluencia abajo con el Pequeño Río Colorado, el 99% de los subadultos de los charales capturados, a través de electropesca, fueron en esta área. Procesos geomórficos fueron usados para describir los tipos de orillas. La vegetación y orillas con despojos e inclinaciones tienen densidades de peces más grandes que las orillas con guijarros, arena y adoquines en el área de estudio totalmente, pero las densidades de orillas varían por extensión. Criterios geológicos e hidráulicas superficiales fueron usados para describir extensiones geomorfológicas. Extensiones estrechas con mayor área total EDDY demostraron un patrón de densidades más altas que las extensiones más amplias con un total de recodos más grande. Atributos de velocidad, profundidad, substrato y cobertura fueron medidos para los diferentes tipos de orillas para determinar las condiciones de preferencia de habitat de or illa. La estabilidad de estas condiciones para la serie de Operaciones de Flujo Provisional de la presa Glen Canyon también fue examinada. [HUBBS STUDENT PAPER COMPETITOR] WASOWICZ,A. ; VALDEZ,R.A. (AW, RAV - BIO/WEST, Inc. 1063 W. 1400 N. Logan, UT)* Historic and present distribution and abundance of humpback chub in Grand Canyon, Arizona Distribución y abundancia actual e histórica del charal jorobado en el Gran Cañón, Arizona KEYWORDS: humpback chub; Colorado River; Grand Canyon; distribution ABSTRACT Archaeological and historic records indicate that the endangered humpback chub (Gila cypha) was once distributed throughout the Colorado River and its major tributaries in Grand Canyon. Following completion of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963 and until 1970, mainstem distribution of the species was reported as 412 km, from the tailwaters

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED of the dam to Separation Canyon. Present distribution is 359 km, from river mile (RM) 30 (South Canyon) to RM 253 (Maxson Canyon), with 88 percent of adults in an 11-km area, =66rom RM 58.3 to RM 65.4. This population center for humpback chub in Grand Canyon is associated with the Little Colorado River (LCR), where the majority of mainstem adults and the LCR population component spawn. Limited mainstem spawning success is suspected, as indicated by ripe and gravid fish away from the LCR and few larval chubs. Distribution of humpback chub in the mainstem Colorado River in Grand Canyon is limited by cold, hypolimnetic releases from Glen Canyon Dam (8-10=F8 C, which also limit reproduction), low food availability, large numbers of predators, and possibly habitat instability from dam operations. The species was reported in low numbers from lower areas of Bright Angel Creek, Shinumo Creek, Kanab Creek, Tapeats Creek, and Havasu Creek, where it is still found in very small numbers. The population component inhabiting the LCR, and spawners ascending from the mainstem, occur only in the lower 13 km of stream. Although the distribution of humpback chub in Grand Canyon has contracted since Glen Canyon Dam was bu ilt, changes in species abundance are difficult to assess. Historic records indicate higher abundances throughout the canyon, but it appears that densities may be higher within the LCR. CLAVES: charal jorobado; Río Colorado; Gran Cañón; distribución RESUMEN Los registros arqueológicos e históricos indican que el charal jorobado Gila cypha estuvo una vez distribuido a través del río Colorado y sus principales tributarios en el Gran Cañón. Siguiente a la construcción de la presa de Glen Canyon en 1963 y hasta 1970, el tronco principal de distribución de la especie fue reportada como de 412 km, desde el vertedor de la presa al Separation Canyon. La distribución actual es de 359 km, de 30 millas de río (RM) (South Canyon) a 253 RM (Maxon Canyon), con 88 porciento de adultos en una área de 11 km (6.6 millas), RM 58.3 a RM 65.4. Este centro de población para el charal jorobado en el Gran Cañón esta asociado con el Pequeño Río Colorado (Little Colorado River (LCR)), donde la mayoría de los adultos en la corriente principal y el componente poblacional del LCR desova. El limitado éxito reproductivo en la corriente principal esta suspendido, como lo indican los peces maduros y grávidos del LCR y las pocas larvas de charales. La distribución del charal jorobado en la corriente principal del Río Colorado en el Gran Cañón esta limitada por las descargas de agua hipolimnéticas y frías de la presa Glen Canyon (8-10 /G45 C, lo cual también limita la reproducción), baja disponibilidad de alimento, gran número de depredadores, y posiblemente inestabilidad del hábitat debido a las operaciones de la presa. La especie fue reportadas en números bajos de las aguas más bajas del Bright Angel Creek, Shinumo Creek, Kanab Creek, Tapeats Creek, y Havasu Creek, donde hasta ahora se encuentra en números muy pequeños. El componente poblacional que habita en el LCR, y los desovantes que ascienden de la corriente principal, ocurren solamente en los 13 km más bajos de la corriente. Aunque la distribución del charal jorobado en el Gran Cañón se ha contraído desde que la presa Glen Canyon fue construida, los cambios en la abundancia de especies son difíciles de evaluar. Aunque los registros históricos indican las abundancias más altas en el Gran Cañón, parece ser que las densidades más altas pueden estar en el LCR. HOAGSTROM,CHRISTOPHER W. (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Mexico Fishery Resources Office, Albuquerque, NM) Status of estuarine fishes inhabiting the Pecos River Estatus de los peces estuarinos que habitan el Río Pecos KEYWORDS: Pecos River; native fishes; exotic fishes; Fundulus grandis; Menidia beryllina; Cyprinodon; Gambusia affinis; Lucania parva ABSTRACT Portions of the Pecos River are currently occupied by three species of introduced, estuarine fish. Fundulus grandis, Cyprinodon variegatus, and Menidia beryllina are among the most abundant species in the saline portions of the Pecos River in Texas. They are also important in the river below Carlsbad, New Mexico, where they coexist with a variety of species. The spread and proliferation of M. beryllina, C. variegatus and, more recently, F. grandis, is cause for evaluation. Competition and genetic introgression between these exotic fish and similar or related native fishes, such as Fundulus zebrinus, Gambusia affinis, Lucania parva, and Cyprinodon pecosensis, may be important. Recent changes in water quality and quantity may enhance the success of exotic fish species and are also likely responsible for declines in native populations of freshwater fish. CLAVES: Río Pecos; peces nativos; peces exóticos; Fundulus grandis; Menidia beryllina; Cyprinodon; Gambusia affinis; Lucania parva RESUMEN Porciones del río Pecos están ocupadas por tres especies de peces estuarinos introducidos. Fundulus grandis, Cyprinodon variegatus y Menidia beryllina, las cuales están entre las especies mas abundantes en la porciones salinas del río Pecos en Texas. Ellos también son importantes en el río por debajo de Carlsbad, Nuevo México, donde coexisten con una gran variedad de especies, la amplitud y proliferación de M. beryllina, C. variegatus, y mas

recientemente F. grandis es causa de una evaluación. La competencia y la introgresión genética entre estos peces exóticos y peces nativos o similares, tales como Fundulus zebrinus, Gambusia affinis, Lucania parva y Cyprinodon pecosensis puede ser importante. Cambios recientes en la calidad y cantidad del agua puede estimular el éxito de especies de peces exóticos y son presumiblemente responsables del declive de las poblaciones nativas de los peces de agua dulce. LANG,B.K. ; HOBBES,A.L.; PROPST,D.L. (New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, NM)* Distribution, abundance and food habits of piscivorous fishes inhabiting the Pecos River between Sumner Dam and Brantley Reservoir, New Mexico Distribución, abundancia y hábitos alimenticios de peces piscívoros que habitan el Río Pecos, entre la presa Sumner y el reservorio Brantley, New Mexico KEYWORDS: Pecos River; piscivorous fishes; food habits; macrohabitat; predation pressure ABSTRACT The effects of reservoir releases on the Pecos River ichthyofauna remain undetermined, especially during low flow periods (i.e., post spring run-off and prior to summer rainfall events). Three permanent study sites were sampled during summer 1992 and 1993 to characterize the inter- relationships of reservoir controlled Pecos River flows and the distribution, abundance and food habits of piscivorous fishes between Sumner Dam and Brantley Reservoir, New Mexico. The abundance of piscivorous species ranged from 0.2-18.1% of the total catch at each site. Twelve piscivorous species were collected during the study; eight taxa of which were native to the Pecos River. Native piscivores most commonly collected were Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus; channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus; and flathead catfish Pylodictus olivaris. White bass Morone chrysops and spotted bass Micropterus punctulatus dominated the non-native piscivorous catch. Most piscivores were seined from deep water (13-55 cm) macrohabitats (i.e., backwaters, debris pools, embayments, undercut banks) characterized by relatively slow water velocities (2-29 cm/sec.) with instream cover. Aquatic and semiaquatic insects (Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera) comprised the greatest proportion of piscivore gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Fish prey observed in piscivore GI tracts included red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis, inland silverside Menidia beryllina and western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis . Miscellaneous piscivore ingesta consisted of aquatic macroinvertebrates (Turbellaria, Copepoda, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Decapoda), unidentified macrophytes and organic debris. Although the diversity of non-native piscivorous fishes has increased, piscivore abundance throughout the Pecos River study reach remains low. Vagility of piscivorous species within the system was apparently low, as the abundance of piscivores was highest in waters immediately downstream (i.e., 0.25-0.5 km) of mainstem impoundments. Macrohabitat studies documented syntopic occurrences of piscivores and non-predaceous native fishes. However, piscivore dietary studies during the past two years indicate low predation pressure on native fish populations. CLAVES: Río Pecos; peces piscívoros; hábitos alimenticios; macrohábitats; presión por depredación RESUMEN El efecto de la liberación en reservorios de la ictiofauna del río Pecos permanece indeterminada, especialmente durante los períodos de flujo lento (i.e. escurrimiento posprimaveral, anterior a los eventos de precipitación de verano). tres estudios de sitios permanentes fueron muestreados durante el verano de 1992 y 1993 para caracterizar las interrelaciones de flujos controlados en reservorios del Río Pecos y la distribución, abundancia y hábitos alimenticios de peces piscívoros entre la presa Sumner y el reservorio Brantley, Nuevo Mexico. La abundancia de las especies piscívoras varió de 0.2-18.1% de las capturas totales en cada sitio. Doce especies piscívoras fueron colectadas durante el estudio; ocho taxa de los cuales fueron nativos al Río Pecos. Los piscívoros nativos más comúnmente colectados fueron el tetra mexicano, Astyanax mexicanus; el bagre de canal, Ictalurus punctatus; el bagre cabeza plana Pylodictus olivaris. La lobina blanca Morone chrysops y la lobina moteada Micropterus punctulatus dominaron en las capturas de piscívoros no nativos. La mayoría de los piscívoros fueron pescados con agalleras en hábitats de aguas profundas (13-55 cm) (como aguas estancadas, pozas, áreas socavadas) caracterizados por velocidades bajas de corriente (2-29 cm/sec.), con abrigos dentro de las corrientes. Los insectos acuáticos y semiacuáticos (Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera) comprenden la más grande proporción de los tractos gastrointestinales (GI) de los piscívoros. Las presas de los peces observadas en los tractos GI de los piscívoros incluyeron al red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis, Menidia beryllina y el pez mosquito del Oeste Gambusia affinis. La miscelánea de la ingestión de los piscívoros consistió de macroinvertebrados acuáticos (Turbellaria, Copepoda, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Decapoda), macrofítas no identificada, y restos de materia orgánica. Aunque la diversidad de peces piscívoros no nativos se ha incrementado, la abundancia de piscívoros durante el estudio en el Río Pecos permanece baja. La movilidad de las especies piscívoras en el sistema aparentemente fue baja, así como la abundancia de piscívoros fue más alta inmediatamente aguas abajo (0.25-0.5 km) de los reservorios de la corriente principal. Los

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED estudios de macrohábitats documentaron ocurrencias sintópicas de peces nativos predadores y no depredadores. Sin embargo, los estudios de dietas de los piscívoros durante los últimos dos años indican una baja presión de depredación sobre las poblaciones de peces nativos. EDWARDS,R.J. (Department of Biology, University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX)* The use of fishes as indicators of environmental water quality in the lower Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte), Texas and México Los peces como indicadores ambientales de la calidad del agua del bajo Río Grande (Río Bravo del Norte), de Texas y México KEYWORDS: lower Rio Grande; fish communities; water quality assessments; Texas; México ABSTRACT A major study of water quality in the Rio Grande along the Texas- Mexico border has recently been released by the governments of the U.S., Mexico, and Texas. The study found a variety of potentially toxic chemicals in the river in a variety of localities, but, in most cases, not in excessively high quantities and not in all samples, even from a given site. Trends of decreasing water quality over time were not clearly detected. The conclusion from this study was that while the river cannot be considered healthy, it may not be as impaired as previously predicted. The interpretations drawn from the chemical assessment of water quality are not supported by fish community data taken from stations sampled repeatedly in the lower Rio Grande since 1981. Species richness has steadily declined at these standard sampling stations which encompass a broad variety of habitat types. Long-term pollution, water misuse and mismanagement throughout the basin appear responsible for this apparent decrease in aquatic community integrity, in at least this portion of the river. Reliance on chemical water quality data, alone, for aquatic assessments is not recommended for future studies of the status of aquatic resources. CLAVES: evaluación de calidad de agua; comunidades de peces; bajo Río Bravo del Norte; Texas; México RESUMEN Un estudio intensivo de la calidad del agua del Río Grande en la frontera de Texas y México ha sido dado a conocer por los gobiernos de los Estados Unidos, México y Texas. Este estudio reveló una variedad de substancias químicas potencialmente tóxicas encontradas en varias localidades del río. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos, la cantidad de esas substancias no fue excesivamente alta en todas las muestras, aún de aquellas tomadas del mismo sitio. La tendencia decreciente de la calidad del agua con el paso del tiempo no fue detectada con claridad. La conclusión derivada de éste estudio fue que mientras que el río no puede ser considerado saludable, podría ser que su condición no sea tan mala como se predijo antes. Las interpretaciones sacadas de los análisis químicos de la calidad del agua no corresponden con los datos obtenidos de las comunidades de peces examinadas repetidamente en el bajo Río Grande desde 1981. La abundancia de las especies ha declinado en una forma progresiva en las áreas de muestreo que abarcan una variedad de tipos ambientales. La contaminación prolongada, el uso indebido del agua y el manejo inadecuado del ambiente en todo el delta del río parecen ser responsables del aparente deterioro de la integridad de las comunidades acuáticas, al menos en ésta parte del río. La evaluación de las condiciones acuáticas basada únicamente en datos de análisis químicos de calidad del agua no es recomendable para estudios futuros del estado de los recursos acuáticos. GIDO,K.B. ; PROPST,D.L. (KBG - Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; DLP - New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa* Fe, NM) Community dynamics of secondary channels of the San Juan River Dinámica de la comunidad de los canales secundarios del Río San Juan KEYWORDS: secondary channels; seasonal variation; native fishes; non-native fishes; Colorado River basin ABSTRACT Secondary channels of the San Juan River are hypothesized to add to river habitat complexity by providing habitats that are less abundant or lacking in the main channel. This study was conducted to determine changes in fish species abundance and habitat availability in secondary channels. Fish communities in four secondary channels between Hogback, NM and Bluff, UT were sampled at three week intervals from July 1993 to November 1994. Discharge in channels ranged from 30 m during spring run-off, to zero flow in the fall and winter. The two upper-most sites retained permanent flow throughout the study period, while the lower sites were reduced to shallow, subsurface-fed riffles and isolated pools. Species richness was greatest during autumn and lowest in winter. Native fish abundance was highest during the early summer, whereas non-natives proliferated from late summer into autumn. Secondary channels appear to differ from the main channel physically and chemically and this difference seems to be

reflected in their biological composition. This study indicates that secondary channels are used heavily by both native and non-native fishes. During low flows, interactions among these fishes may be detrimental to the native species. CLAVES: canales secundarios; variación estacional; peces nativos; peces no nativos; cuenca del Río Colorado RESUMEN Se hipotetiza que los canales secundarios del Río San Juan agregan complejidad al hábitat del río, proporcionando hábitats menos abundantes o que faltan en el canal principal. Comunidades de peces en cuatro canales secundarios entre Hogback, NM y Bluff, UT fueron muestreados en intervalos de tres semanas desde Julio 1993 a Noviembre de 1994. Las descargas en canales variaron de 30 m durante las escorrentías de primavera, hasta un flujo de cero en el otoño e invierno. Los dos sitios más arriba mantuvieron el flujo a través del período de estudio, mientras que los sitios más bajos fueron reducidos a niveles de agua someros, grietas alimentadas con agua subsuperficial, y pozas aisladas. La riqueza de especies fue más grande durante el otoño y la más baja en invierno. La abundancia del pez nativo fue muy alta cercano el verano, sin embargo proliferaron las especies no nativas desde finales del verano y en el otoño. Los canales secundarios presentaron diferencias físicas y químicas respecto del canal principal y esta diferencia aparente se manifiesta en su composición biológica. Este estudio indica que los canales secundarios son usados intensivamente tanto por los peces nativos como por los no nativos. Durante los niveles bajos de flujos, las interacciones con estos peces pueden ser en detrimento para las especies nativas. [HUBBS STUDENT PAPER COMPETITOR] BLACK,R.W. ; CROWL,T.A. (RWB and TAC - Ecology Center & Dept. Fisheries and Wildlife, Utah State University, Logan, UT)* Effects of instream woody debris and complexity on the aquatic community in a high mountain, desert stream community Efectos y complejidad de los restos de plantas leñosas sobre las comunidades acuáticas en una comunidad de arroyo desértico de alta montaña KEYWORDS: Colorado River cutthroat trout; habitat complexity; coarse woody debris; streams ABSTRACT In order to understand the effect of changes in habitat complexity generated by instream woody debris on trout and macroinvertebrate densities and their interactions, we manipulated woody debris densities in the fall of 1991, resulting in significant changes in trout densities and physical characteristics in the summer of 1992. Trout prey electivity (Chesson’s ) and capture efficiency were directly related to habitat complexity. Macroinvertebrate densities did not respond as significantly to changes in habitat complexity as trout densities. The macroinvertebrates appeared to be limited by primary productivity rather than habitat complexity at the scale of complexity examined here. Habitat complexity was decreased in all of the manipulated study sections by high spring runoff in 1993 which removed most of the smallest branches. Measured responses where not as significant due to the reduction in complexity caused by high spring runoff. If stream restoration efforts are to succeed, additional work on spatial and temporal changes in habitat complexity are needed. CLAVES: Colorado River cutthroat trout; complejidad del hábitat; restos gruesos de plantas leñosas; arroyos RESUMEN Con el objeto de entender los efectos de los cambios en la complejidad del hábitat, generada por restos de plantas leñosas en los arroyos sobre las densidades de truchas y macroinvertebrados y sus interacciones, nosotros manipulamos las densidades de los restos leñosos en el otoño de 1991, con cambios significativos en las densidades de truchas y características físicas en el verano de 1992. La eficiencia de captura y electividad de la presa (Chesson’s) por la trucha estuvo directamente relacionada a la complejidad del hábitat. Las densidades de macroinvertebrados no respondieron tan significativamente a cambios en la complejidad el hábitat, como las densidades de truchas. Los macroinvertebrados aparentemente están limitados por la productividad primaria más que por la complejidad del hábitat a la escala de la complejidad examinada en este estudio. La complejidad del hábitat decreció en todas las secciones de estudio manipuladas debido a las altas escorrentías de la primavera de 1993, las cuales removieron la mayoría de las ramas pequeñas. Las respuestas medidas no fueron significativas debido a la reducción en complejidad causada por las altas escorrentías de primavera. Si los esfuerzos de restauración de arroyos son exitosos, trabajos adicionales sobe cambios espaciales y temporales de la complejidad del hábitat serán requeridos.

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED PARMENTER ,S.C. ; FUJIMURA,R.W. (SCP - California Department of Fish and Game, Bishop, CA; RWF - California Department of Fish and Game, Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Elk Grove, CA) Application and regulation of potassium permanganate to detoxify rotenone in streams Aplicación y regulación del permanganato de potasio para detoxificar rotenona en arroyos KEYWORDS: permanganate; detoxification; rotenone; piscicide; colorimetry; California ABSTRACT Potassium permanganate is a common oxidizer used to detoxify fish toxicants applied to flowing waters. Mixing and delivery systems for permanganate application were refined during 5 chemical treatments to recover threatened populations of Lahontan cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi. Permanganate concentration is monitored using a portable colorimeter, improving control over application rate. This method is rapid and suitable for field use. The application and limitations of this method are discussed, and field experiences are described. CLAVES: permanganato; detoxificación; rotenona; piscicida; colorimétrico; California RESUMEN El permanganato de potasio es un oxidante común, usado para detoxificar tóxicos de peces aplicados en corrientes de agua. Sistemas de mezcla y liberación para la aplicación de permanganato, fueron refinadas durante 5 tratamientos para recuperar poblaciones amenazadas de Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi . Las concentraciones de permanganato son monitoreadas usando un colorímetro portátil, mejorando el control sobre la tasa de aplicación. Este método es rápido y adecuado para el uso en campo. La aplicación y limitaciones de este método es discutido. CONTRIBUTED PAPER Ill advised or inadvertent introductions of fishes A ugust 1994 to prepare a final stream in the Walker place many freshwater fish stocks at peril of extinction Lake basin for a cutthroat trout recovery population. in western North America (Moyle and Williams 1990; In each rotenone application, potassium Behnke 1992, see also Miller 1989). Given the present permanganate (KMnO ) was applied at rates from 1 to technologies of fish control, use of toxicants represents 6 ppm to detoxify stream water as it flowed from project the only alternative to condemning many jeopardized areas. KMnO oxidizes rotenone, its breakdown fish taxa to extinction. Toxicants themselves pose a risk products, and other organic constituents of the to nontarget biota, so their use requires a considered formulation. The ability of KMnO to neutralize the analysis of alternatives. In the urbanizing West, pesticide effect of rotenone on fish was established by J. M. use is viewed with increasing skepticism by both the Lawrence (1956), and met hods for its application to public and public institutions. Fishery managers must standing waters for that purpose have been reported therefore exercise prudence in the use of these tools. (Jackson 1957; Engstrom-Heg undated). In running Control and containment of fish toxicants have become waters potassium permanganate must be continuously equal priorities with control of target species. applied to a stream to prevent rotenone from affecting Lahontan cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi ), endemic to the Walker Lake basin of California and Nevada, are listed as a Threatened species under the federal Endangered Species Act. In California the major threat to their continued existence is displacement and/or hybridization with introduced trouts. A multi-state and federal interagency management plan currently governs recovery efforts for the western stocks of this species (Gerstung 1986). The plan prescribes the chemical eradication of alien fishes as an indispensable part of the recovery and reintroduction process. During the period 1987-1992 three headwater streams in the Walker Lake basin were treated with 1 to 2 ppm of the piscicide rotenone to remove non-native trout from planned Lahontan cutthroat trout reintroduction sites. Each of these treatments was repeated in consecutive years to assure efficacy, resulting in six completed rotenone applications and three successful reintroductions to date. Rotenone was applied to Silver Creek (Mono County, CA) in biota in areas downstream of the intended treatment area. Potassium permanganate itself is toxic, warranting use of the minimum quantity necessary to effectively contain rotenone to the treatment area. Comprehensive guidelines and requirements for effective detoxification are discussed in Engstrom-Heg (Undated, 1972 and 1976). Devices for introducing solid KMnO powder or crystals at a constant rate exist (Schoenecker and Rhodes 1965, Engstrom-Heg undated), but handling of the solids presents drawbacks under certain field conditions, such as wind and rain. Several accounts of fish eradication specify the use of KMnO solutions for stream detoxification, but do not provide a detailed description of the apparatus and methods (Rinne and Turner 1991, Gresswell 1991, and Rosenlund in press). Mahon and Balon (1980) introduced KMnO solutions with a peristaltic pump, which worked well during short term experimental treatments but is less suited to prolonged applications at remote locations. Price and Haus (1963) and Engstrom-Heg (1971a) detail the construction of constant flow devices–with no moving

parts or power requirements–which are suitable for agencies support or even participate in treatments, while sustained delivery of KMnO . Stefferud et al. (1991) one has forcefully opposed the use of rote none.4 describe the construction of a similar constant flow Representatives of all the above agencies except EPA device used with both antimycin and potassium were present to observe or participate in the August permanganate solutions. While each worker will favor 1994 application at Silver Creek. his/her own approach, our experience suggests that larger capacity, constant discharge devices are more convenient, adaptable, and reliable. This paper documents the use of a 200 L capacity, constant- flow device suitable for prolonged and precise application of KMnO under field conditions. Field methods are detailed for removing rotenone and its residues from cold streams of low ionic strength. A new technique for field determination of potassium permanganate concentration using light absorbance colorimetry is presented. The case history of the 1994 rotenone-potassium permanganate treatment of Silver Creek is offered as a practical example of the method. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS - The California a 1 cm intake tube mounted through the top of the Department of Fish and Game (Department) serves as barrel’s cylindrical surface, and extending almost to the trustee for the public trust values of fish, wildlife, and bottom. Unscrewing the intake tube gives access for plants. In this role, the Department is responsible for filling with the KMnO solution. In operation, the management of the state’s diverse biota. Part of this Mariotte bottle must be totally sealed except for the inlet responsibility is to recover species in peril, which may tube and outlet valve. As fluid is drawn from the intake require elimination of competing introduced organisms. tube a negative pressure develops, determined by the Recovery efforts by the Department are authorized height of inlet tube terminus over the outlet valve. This through a Memorandum of Understanding with the U.S. distance remains constant at 25- 100 mm, therefore head, Fish and Wildlife Service as provided for under the pressure, and delivery rate also remain constant as the federal Endangered Species Act. Projects receive public tank drains. Attainment of pressure equilibrium is review pursuant to the California Environmental Quality readily apparent as the air bubbles pop through the inlet Act (CDFG 1989, 1994a). Pesticide application and tube, making a resonant “blup, blup” sound. detoxification are performed by Department biologists whose duties also include conservation of non-salmonid aquatic biota and herpetofauna. Internal monitoring for quality assurance and regulatory compliance is accomplished by the Department’s Pesticide Investigations Unit. The pesticide regulation environment is populated by federal, state and local agencies with overlapping authority for regulating pesticide use. Pesticide registration and application are controlled by both the federal Environmental Protection Agency and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. Specific pesticide applications are monitored by the county Agriculture Commissioner, who also enforces label and safety requirements. Unique to the eastern portion of the state, some pesticide uses are also controlled by the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Lahontan Region. This agency imposes discharge requirements, monitors compliance with rotenone application rates, and measures for residues and wastes on and off the project site. The USDA Forest Service administers lands on which portions of each cutthroat trout project have occurred, prepares National Environmental Policy Act documents, and complies with federal policies and directives. Regulatory acceptance of the cutthroat trout restoration program is varied: many MATERIALS AND METHODS - Potassium permanganate is introduced downstream of a fish passage barrier selected to prevent target species from recolonizing the treated stream reach. The delivery is made from a Mariotte bottle, a container devised to deliver fluids at a constant rate without automation (Engstrom-Heg 1971a). Like Price and Haus (1963) we fabricated 200 liter Mariotte bottles, using steel or plastic barrels such as those used for bulk transport of soft drink concentrate. The barrel is oriented horizontally on a slight incline, with a < inch or larger gate valve screwed into the lower “bung hole” to regulate outflow. Air is introduced to the bottle through LOADING AND OPERATING MARIOTTE BOTTLES - Potassium permanganate is a respiratory and eye irritant, and creates persistent stains on both skin and clothes. Safety goggles, dust masks, rubber gloves, and coveralls are recommended when mixing and handling this chemical. Potassium permanganate is saturated at approximately seven percent in cold water (Anonymous 1976); but in the field it is burdensome to mix stronger than a 1.0 percent solution within the time required. To simplify both mixing and calculations, we pre- measured 2.0 Kg aliquots of pourable grade fine crystalline KMnO into Ziploc plastic bags, adding one bag per barrel of water to make a 1% tank mix. More concentrated solutions may crystallize out of solution inside the tank when working in freezing temperatures, clogging fittings and altering concentration. All mixing is done in a 10 liter plastic bucket with a pour spout, to avoid introduction of undissolved KMnO into the barrel. At our work sites we devise a running water system with a garden hose, employing either a siphon or a 12 volt bilge pump. The convenience of running water can be important to workers loading quantities of material around the clock. Window screen is secured over the hose intake to exclude stream detritus which

T /G2710×D Q DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED might later plug the outlet valve. Initial mixing forms a occur, as it would accelerate the delivery rate KMnO slurry in the bucket, which is briefly stirred with unpredictably. 4 the running garden hose. Upon standing, undissolved crystals quickly settle to the bottom of the bucket, allowing the supernatant to be decanted through a funnel into the Mariotte bottle. Repeating this sequence ten to fifteen times dissolves and transfers all of the potassium permanganate into the barrel. Final filling is done by inserting the hose to the bottom of the Mariotte bottle, which thoroughly mixes the contents. The apparatus is activated by opening the outlet valve after the inlet tube is tightened in place. Delivery rate is sampled by timing the release of a quantity of tank mix into a plastic graduated cylinder. Once pressure equilibrium exists in the bottle, adjustment of the outlet valve causes a virtually instantaneous change in the delivery rate. The operating Mariotte bottle can be regulated to empty in less than two hours, or to last as long as a week. Gate valves are preferable to ball valves, as they permit finer adjustment of delivery rate. Maximum delivery rate is affected by the size and type of valve used, as well as the incline of the barrel from horizontal. With ¼ inch fittings, this design will treat approximately 0.1 m /second, or 3.7 cfs, at 3 ppm KMnO . Faster rates are not necessarily desirable; operations become limited by the time required to re-load the barrels. A practical strategy on any size stream is to run two barrels simultaneously, keeping a third one filled and ready for when the need arises. This improves scheduling flexibility when refilling barrels or responding to unexpected situations, such as plugged valves. It also provides some insurance that detoxification will be at least partially effective should a malfunctioning Mariotte bottle go undetected by a distracted attendant. It goes without saying that an operating detoxification station should be vigilantly attended 24 hours/day. When constructed from plastic or steel barrels, our Mariotte bottles weigh 11.8 Kg or 18.6 Kg, respectively. Carried vertically, either type is easily strapped to a backpack frame and transported over rough terrain without undue difficulty. Plastic is the material of choice if bottles must be transported great distances. However, filled plastic barrels may awkwardly slide out of position or sag into conformity with the underlying ground surface. Deployment requires secure positioning where barrels will neither roll nor slide when filled. An improperly positioned 200 L Mariotte bottle does not regulate constant outflow, and is too heavy to reposition. Draining a disabled barrel under such circumstances would be an unwelcome logistical challenge. Finding suitable sites to situate Mariotte barrels on rocky stream banks can be surprisingly difficult. A length of clear poly tubing helps to span the distance from the Mariotte bottle to the stream, and aids visual checks of discharge rate and continuity. It is possible, but unlikely, to establish a siphon in the tube. This should not allowed to APPARATUS ADJUSTMENT AND QUALITY CONTROL - Mariotte bottles are frequently calibrated by calculating the tank mix delivery rate needed to achieve a desired final concentration in the stream, knowing the tank mix concentration and stream discharge. The relationship between these parameters may be expressed as follows (equation 1): where: C = Desired concentration of KMnO applied to stream (ppm), T = Tank mix concentration of KMnO4 (%), D = tank mix delivery rate (ml/min), Q = Stream discharge (liters/min). Desired tank mix delivery rate may then be calculated by solving this equation for “D”, as we did in our earlier treatments. This method was satisfactory from the standpoint that rotenone toxicity and residues were contained within the treatment area. However, the method assumes accuracy when mixing the tank solution and measuring both delivery rate and stream discharge. The potential for making errors of measurement remains a troubling source of uncertainty, absent the ability to independently verify KMnO concentration in the stream. The problem is compounded if stream discharge changes, necessitating recalculation when work may be frustrated by darkness, rainfall, or lack of sleep. A method for rapid field measurement of potassium permanganate in the receiving water was desired to provide information feedback for improved control over application rates. Such a tool would obviate the need for time consuming and potentially inaccurate stream gaging, and improve reliability and confidence in the detoxification. Several unsuccessful approaches to field monitoring were evaluated and abandoned. Specific conductance was f ound to increase slightly when potassium permanganate is added to distilled water at the concentrations typically used. Unfortunately, the percent change in conductivity when potassium permanganate is added to natural surface waters is too small to resolve in practice. Moreover, potassium permanganate in some cases reduces the specific conductance of stream water, presumably by decomposing conductive organic solutes. Ocular comparison of color standards was attempted using potassium permanganate solutions of known concentration. In the laboratory we were unable to distinguish smaller than 1 ppm differences between stock solutions, providing insufficient resolution to use in the field. Moreover, dilute solutions of potassium permanganate rapidly degraded, changing color and further diminishing the utility of that technique. At the time of our field work we were unaware of the test kit

Df/G27Di× Cf method of Engstrom-Heg ( 1971b). Future work will rate. Adjustment of the delivery rate from the tank may compare the utility of this technique with the one be calculated as follows (Equation 2): described below. LIGHT ABSORBANCE COLORIMETRY - Potassium permanganate solutions have a useful light absorbance pattern which peaks in the green spectrum at 525 nm. Fujimura found that light absorption at this wavelength is linear to concentration, using commercially available narrow slit spectrophotometers and broader band light absorbance colorimeters. Both types of instrument accurately determined the concentration of potassium permanganate in water between 0 and 8 ppm during these tests. No dilutions, reagents, or sample treatment is required. Two battery powered portable colorimeters were obtained and field tested, the Hach DR/700 and Chlorine Pocket Colorimeter. Both are compact, lightweight, and equipped with digital displays. An older model analog colorimeter was less sensitive and failed to produce a useable calibration curve. The DR/700 has interchangeable filter modules (for other uses), stores user calibration data, displays absorbance, percent transmission, and can directly output potassium permanganate concentration 1 0.1 ppm. This model was found to be a durable instrument during a previous rotenone-potassium permanganate treatment conducted in 1993. The Chlorine Pocket Colorimeter is specifically designed to measure the colored end products produced by a test kit analysis for dissolved chlorine (Hach 1991). The specificity of this model diminishes its flexibility for other uses, but makes it considerably less expensive to purchase. The Chlorine Pocket Colorimeter only displays concentration units intended by the manufacturer to indicate chlorine concentration. A linear relationship was empirically determined where the KMnO concentration in ppm equals twenty times the display output. Precision of the pocket colorimeter is thus limited to ± 0.2 ppm potassium permanganate, which we believe provides a major improvement in application control. To set or recalibrate outflow of a Mariotte bottle using this tool requires a rough estimate of the desired delivery rate for the tank mix. Begin to release at about half of the estimated rate, and select a point within 30 seconds travel time downstream at which to take water samples. A critical assumption of the method is that potassium permanganate is completely mixed at the sample point. After 5 minutes of application the potassium permanganate concentration is assumed to be steady at the sample point. Water samples are collected mid-channel and near each bank to validate the assumption of complete mixing. Potassium permanganate concentration is immediately measured by light absorbance colorimetry. The actual tank mix delivery rate is then increased proportionally to bring the stream concentration up to the desired final application where: D = Desired tank mix delivery rate (ml/min), D fi = Actual (measured) tank mix delivery rate (ml/min), Cf = Desired final concentration of KMnO applied to4 stream (ppm), C = Actual KMnO concentrationi 4 determined by colorimetry (ppm). Adjustment or fine tuning based on this approach saves much time over adjustment by trial, error, and remeasurement. LIMITATIONS OF COLORIMETRY - Some factors occur in the field which may interfere with the direct measurement of KMnO solutions using light absorbance colorimetry. Rhodamine dye is commonly used during stream piscicidal treatments to mark treated areas or to estimate hydraulic travel rates. Since Rhodamine dye strongly absorbs in the 525 nm range, it will interfere with potassium permanganate determinations and its use should be avoided if colorimetry will be used. Use of NaCl to trace the travel rate of streams is compatible with light absorbance colorimetry. No other registered water dyes have been tested for compatibility with this method. Turbidity and light absorbing compounds such as humic acids will interfere with measurement accuracy. In clear streams, these factors can be handled by using a sample blank to zero the instrument or to correct the absorbance readings. Because the Pocket Colorimeter uses an exposed cuvette, direct sunlight appears to destabilize the instrument’s readings. Fortunately, holding the instrument in the shade close to the user’s torso conveniently overcomes this confounding factor. The DR/700 has an enclosed cuvette holder and does not experience this problem. STUDY SITE - The foregoing methods were used in a rotenone-potassium permanganate treatment of Silver Creek and its minor tributaries (Mono County, California) on August 23, 1994. This was the first of two planned treatments prior to establishing a recovery population of Lahontan cutthroat trout. Silver Creek is a tributary of the West Walker River, which in turn historically joined Walker River near its terminus in Walker Lake (Mineral County, Nevada). Most of the watershed geology is of plutonic origin. Waterways in the project area vary from 2,440 meters to 3,430 meters above sea level. Conductivity at the bottom of the treatment area was 68 /G46s, and water temperature varied from 5.5 /G45C to 17 /G45C. The pH was measured between 7.6 and 8.0. Alkalinity and hardness varied through the treatment area from 15 to 54 mg/L CaCO and 18 to 54 mg/L CaCO , respectively. Stream

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED discharge at the detoxification site measured 2.5 cfs. The Ancillary to the purpose of controlling KMnO treatment area included ten minor tributaries, and application rates, we were able to independently required a maximum work force of 22 people. Rotenone determine stream discharge using light absorbance was applied at the nominal rate of 1 ppm. colorimetry. With final concentration D known, equation RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Detoxification equipment was readied and tested prior to activation of the rotenone drip stations. Approximately 1 Kg solid NaCl was released into the stream at the lowermost drip station 30 minutes prior to its activation. Arrival of the salt plume in the afternoon was detected by a surge in conductivity to greater than 100 /G46s,signalling the approximate time to begin detoxification. Locally obtained brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) were placed in a holding tank and used for rotenone bioassay. Wire cages with bioassay fish were placed at the fish barrier, above the detox station, and at 15 minute and 30 minute travel time marks downstream. Caged bioassay trout above the detox station expired approximately 15 minutes after showing signs of rotenone intoxication. During this period numerous trout America. American Fisheries Society Monograph were observed running downstream in an apparent 6. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD. 275 avoidance response to the rotenone. Eighteen hours later pp. several hundred dead brook trout and rainbow trout CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were collected from below the (CDFG). 1989. Proposed negative declaration detox station. Most of these appeared to be young of the year rainbow trout. These fish were inferred to have died from rotenone rather than potassium permanganate toxicity, as many of the carcasses had drifted downstream well below the unharmed bioassay fish. Living trout were also observed less than 15 minutes travel time below the detox station on August 24. At no time did caged bioassay fish at the 15 and 30 minute stations exhibit disequilibrium or other signs of rotenone toxicity. Chemical analysis of water samples found peak concentrations of 8.3 ppb rote none and 23 ppb rotenolone at the detox station following the treatment. Efficacy of rotenone elimination was evaluated by analysis of 17 temporally spaced water samples from the 30 minute mark. No rotenone or rotenolone residues were detected (CDFG 1994b). Testing detected no other organic constituents of the rotenone formulation at the detox site, so the efficacy of their removal by KMnO could not be evaluated. Detoxification continued until noon on August 24, at which time bioassay fish placed above the detox station appeared unaffected for more than two hours. Approximately 18 Kg of potassium permanganate were required to complete the treatment. One plastic Mariotte bottle inexplicably and repeatedly slowed and stopped delivering tank mix. The problem was identified when it became apparent that slight dorsoventral flattening of the barrel had pressed the intake tube tightly against the bottom side of the barrel. Bevelling the lower end of the intake tube at 45/G45 with a hacksaw prevented further sealing and flow interruption. (1) was rearranged to solve for Q. Discharge was initially determined to be 2.3 cfs using a Pygmy meter; the colorimetric method yielded 2.5 ± 0.17 cfs. The methods described above reliably detoxified rotenone under the field conditions encountered. Forethought, planning, and redundant preparations are vital aspects of any application of fish toxicants, as exact conditions and equipment behavior are never 100% predictable. LITERATURE CITED ANONYMOUS. 1976. The Merck Index. Windholz, M. (Ed). Merck & Company, Rahway, N.J., U.S.A. 1313 pp. BEHNKE, R.J. 1992. Native Trout of Western North for Mono County Lahontan cutthroat trout restoration project . California Department of Fish and Game. 16 pp + 5 attachments. —–. 1994a. Rotenone use for fisheries management. Programmatic Environmental Impact Report (SCH 92073015). Inland Fisheries Division and Environmental Services Division, Sacramento, California. 334 pp. —–. 1994b. Pesticide Investigations Unit, Results of surface water and sediment monitoring for residues of rotenone, rotenolone and other organic compounds in Silver Creek and the West Walker River, Mono County, California. Rancho Cordova, California, October 6, 1994. 16 pp. ENGSTROM-HEG, R. Undated. Draft guidelines for protection of non-target fish in pond outlets during rotenone treatments . New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Bureau of Fisheries. —–. 1971a. A lightweight Mariotte bottle for field, laboratory, and hatchery use. Progressive Fish-Culturist 33:227- 231. —–. 1971b. Direct measurement of potassium permanganate demand and residual permanganate. New York Fish and Game Journal 18(2):117-122. —–. 1972. Kinetics of rote none-potassium permanganate reactions as applied to the protection of trout streams. New York Fish and Game Journal 19(1):48-58.

—–. 1976. Potassium permanganate demand of a MOYLE, P.B. and J.E. WILLIAMS. 1990. Biodiversity stream bottom. New York Fish and Game Journal 23(2):155-158. GERSTUNG, E.R. 1986. Fishery management plan for Lahontan cutthroat trout ( Salmo clarki henshawi) in California and western Nevada waters. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, California. 52 pp. GRESSWELL, R.E. 1991. Use of antimycin for removal of brook trout from a tributary of Yellowstone Lake. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 11:83-90. HACH COMPANY. 1991. Manual for chlorine pocket colorimeter. Hach Company. Ames, Iowa. 43 pp. JACKSON, C. 1957. Detoxification of rotenone-treated water. New Hampshire Fish and Game Department. Tech. Cir. No. 14. LAWRENCE, J.M. 1956. Use of potassium permanganate to counteract the effects of rotenone on fish. Progressive Fish-Culturist 18(1):15-21. MAHON, R. and E.K. BALON. 1980. Quan titative collection of fishes from small fast flowing streams. Arch. Hydrobiol. 90(3):324-329. MILLER, R.R., J.D. WILLIAMS, and J.E. WILLIAMS. 1989. Extinctions of North American fishes during the past century. Fisheries 14(6):22-38. loss in the temperate zone: decline of the native fish fauna of California. Conservation Biology 4(3):275-284. PRICE, R.W. and J.B. HAUS. 1963. Aids for stream reclamation. Progressive Fish-Culturist 25(1):37-39. RINNE J.N. and P.R. TURNER. 1991. Reclamation and alteration as management techniques, and a review of methodology in stream renovation. Pp. 219- 244 In Battle Against Extinction (W.L. Minkley and J.E. Deacon, eds.). The University of Arizona Press, Tucson & London. ROSENLUND, B.D. and D.R. STEVENS. In press. Application of antimycin (Fintrol) to alpine lakes and streams in Rocky Mountain National Park and the headwaters of Leadville National Fish Hatchery to establish populations of greenback and Colorado River cutthroat trout. SCHOENECKER, W. and W. RHODES. 1965. Potassium permanganate dispenser. Progressive Fish Culturist 27(1):55-56. STEFFERUD, J.A., D.L. PROBST, and G.L. BURTON, 1991. Use of antimycin to remove rainbow trout from White Creek, New Mexico. 23:55-66. THRELOFF,DOUGLAS L. (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service) Mapping water dependent resources in Death Valley National Monument with computer software and a Global Positioning System Mapeo de recursos dependientes del agua en el Death Valley National Monument con un software de computadora y un Sistema de Posicionamiento Global KEYWORDS: Global Positioning System (GPS); software; habitat mapping; animal mapping; long-term monitoring ABSTRACT Resource management staff in Death Valley National Monument, California, are using global positioning system (GPS) hardware and AutoCAD and Grass software to map wetland and riparian features. When the hardware and software systems are used in conjunction, significant strides can be made in understanding the extent and spatial relationships of various objects. Computer software and a GPS are being used in Death Valley resource management work to 1) establish permanent, long-term study plots 2) develop detailed map themes which show the locations of animal distributions and habitat types 3) quantitatively analyze various polygons areas 4) georeference aerial photos, which can in turn be digitized 5) develop landscape drawings which can be used for resource management planning purposes. Several products have been developed thus far, and include a map of the distribution of pupfish and snails at Cottonball Marsh; a vegetation map for the area around Saratoga Springs; a map of the seasonal extent of water at Salt Creek; and a map which shows the location of the pools and snails at Badwater Spring. CLAVES: Sistema de Posicionamiento Global; software de computadora; mapeo de hábitats; mapeo de animales; monitoreo a largo plazo RESUMEN El personal de manejo de recursos en el Death Valley National Monument, California, esta usando un Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS), hardware y los software AutoCAD y Grass para mapear características riparias y de humedales. Cuando el hardware y el software son usados juntos, se pueden realizar avances significativos el entendimiento de la extensión y las relaciones espaciales de varios objetos. El software de computadora y el GPS están siendo usados en el manejo de los recursos del Death Valley National Monument para 1) el establecimiento permanente de parcelas de estudio de largo plazo 2) el desarrollo detallados de

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED mapas que muestran la distribución de animales y tipos de hábitats 3) el análisis cuantitativos de varios polígonos de áreas 4) georeferencias de fotos aéreas, las cuales pueden ser digitalizadas 5) desarrollo de dibujos del paisaje que pueden ser usados con propósito de planeación y manejo de recursos. Varios productos han sido desarrollados, e incluyen un mapa de la distribución del pez perrito y caracoles en Cottonball Marsh; un mapa de vegetación para los alrededores de Saratoga Springs; un mapa de la extensión estacional de agua de Salt Creek; y un mapa que muestra la localización de las pozas y caracoles de Badwater Spring. BOWLER,PETER A. (Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine) The impact of the Bliss (Idaho) landslide of 1993 on sensitive mollusc habitat El impacto del derrumbe de Bliss (Idaho) de 1993 en el hábitat de moluscos sensibles KEYWORDS: molluscs; environmental impacts; landslides; Snake River ABSTRACT On July 24, 1993 a landslide occurred at Bliss, Idaho, in which 100 acres of an ancient Yahoo clay landslide moved, forming a shallow dam on the Snake River. Water level in the Snake was raised nearly 3 meters, forming a pool extending over 5 km upstream. This inundated rapids and numerous riffle or lotic habitat areas, many of which were know to sustain sensitive molluscs. The reason for the movement of the ancient landslide is not certain, but a sewage lagoon at its crest and seasonal irrigation runoff along its western margin may have played a role. Ironically, the landslide was a former proposed Idaho Power Company damsite. Despite the absence of the dam, planning for sustenance of endangered species habitats must also take into account other adjacent land uses. Middle Snake River habitat for the Bliss Rapids Snail (Taylorconcha serpenticola; Federally listed as Threatened), the Giant Columbia River Limpet ( Fisherola nuttalli; C3 but endangered in the Middle Snake River), California floater ( Anodonta californiensis; C1), Columbia River Spire Snail (Fluminicola columbianus; C1), Snake River Physa Snail (Physa natricina; Federally listed as Endangered) was reduced in the Lower Salmon Falls Dam tailwaters or Hagerman Reach. All of these taxa occurred at the site of the actual landslide, and thus are now buried beneath debris. Though unstable and still experiencing channel fluctuation, below the primary landslide plug there is a substantive lotic habitat extending for approximately 1 km. Although there is considerable erosion continuing along the point of river constriction, eventually this new lotic habitat may be colonized by taxa from upriver, however, this is not a certainty due to very small populations of these taxa upstream and the fact that many fastwater sites in the reach don’t support the sensitive molluscs present at others nearby. It is unclear whether the landslide will continue to move into the river corridor and when areas of landslide debris could be colonized by sensitive taxa. This site was thelowermost in the reach and is situated just above the Bliss impoundment, whose upper end is now filled with landslide debris. CLAVES: moluscos; impactos ambientales; derrumbes; Río Snake RESUMEN En Julio, 1993 ocurrió un derrumbe en Bliss, Idaho, en el cual 100 acres de un antiguo derrumbamiento de arcilla Yahoo se movieron, formando una presa somera en el Río Snake. El nivel del agua en el Río alcanzó casi 3 metros, formando un estanque que se extendió 5 Km corriente arriba. Esto inundó numerosos y veloces rápidos o áreas de hábitats lóticos, muchos de los cuales eran conocidos por sostener moluscos sensibles. La razón del movimiento del derrumbamiento antiguo no es claro, pero una laguna de aguas negras en su cresta y el desagüe de irrigación estacional a lo largo de su margen Oeste podría haber jugado un papel. Irónicamente, el derrumbamiento fue primariamente un sitio para un presa propuesta por la Idaho Power Company. A pesar de la ausencia de una presa, la planeación para el sostenimiento de hábitats de especies en peligro debe también tomar en cuenta otros usos de la tierra adyacente. El hábitat en la parte media del Río Snake para el caracol Bliss Rapids (Taylorconcha serpenticola; federalmente listada como amenazada), la lapa Columbia Gigante Fisherola nuttalli; C3 pero en peligro en la parte media del Río Snake), el flotador de California (Anodonta californiensis; C1), Caracol del Río Columbia spire (Fluminicola columbianus; C1), Physa caracol del Río Snake (Physa natricina; listada federalmente como en peligro) fue reducido en las orillas de la Presa Lower Salmon Falls o Hagerman Reach. Todos estos taxa ocurrían en el sitio del derrumbe actual, y por lo tanto están ahora enterradas bajo el mismo. Aunque inestable y aún experimentando fluctuación del canal, existe bajo el derrumbamiento primario un sustantivo hábitat lótico que se extiende por aproximadamente 1 Km. Aunque existe una considerable erosión llevándose a cabo a lo largo del punto de constricción del río, eventualmente este nuevo hábitat lótico podría ser colonizado por taxa de río arriba, sin embargo, esto no ocurre debido ciertamente a poblaciones muy pequeñas de estos taxa corriente arriba y al hecho de que muchos sitios de aguas rápidas en el brazo del río no sostienen a los moluscos sensibles presentes en otros sitios cercanos. No es claro si el derrumbamiento continuará moviéndose dentro del corredor del río y cuando las áreas del

remanente del derrumbe podrían ser colonizadas por taxa sensitivos. Este sitio fue el más bajo en el brazo del río y está situado justo arriba del reservorio Bliss, cuya orilla superior está ahora llena con restos del derrumbe. BROWN,CATHY R. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ventura Field Office, Ventura, CA) Development of the Owens Basin Multi-Species Recovery Plan Desarrollo del Plan de Recuperación Multiespecífico de la Cuenca Owens KEYWORDS: Owens basin; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; endangered and threatened species; recovery plans; Owens tui chub; Owens pupfish ABSTRACT The existing recovery plans for the two listed fish species in the Owens Basin, the Owens pupfish (Cyprinodon radiosus) and the Owens tui chub (Gila bicolor snyderi), are single species oriented recovery documents. They focus narrowly on bolstering the number of individuals in isolated populations of these endangered fish. There is consensus among regulatory and land management agencies in the Owens Basin that the existing recovery plans as written promote an “aquarium approach” to species conservation, and cannot achieve true recovery. A new strategy is needed. Development of a multi-species recovery plan is underway. This new plan will include the two listed endangered fish and will supersede the existing plans. The new multi-species recovery plan will also include recommendations for recovery of several candidate species, including the Fish Slough milk-vetch (Astragalus lentiginosus var. piscinensis), which has recently been proposed for endangered status. The recovery plan will emphasize an ecosystem- based approach to restoration of Owens Basin wetland and aquatic habitats. The multi-species recovery plan is being funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, California Department of Fish and Game, and Bureau of Land Management. We have assembled a task force made up of agencies and interested parties to assist in the process, including the U.S. Forest Service, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Inyo County, Desert Fishes Council, and others. We have recently issued a contract to a team of consultants to develop the multi-species recovery plan. The consultant team will work closely with the task force to prepare a plan that will redirect endangered species recovery efforts in the Owens Basin. The draft plan is due in early 1995. CLAVES: cuenca Owens; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; especies en peligro y amenazadas; planes de recuperación; charalito tui del Owens; pez perrito del Owens RESUMEN Los planes de recuperación existentes para las dos especies de peces enlistados en la cuenca Owens, el pez perrito del Owens (Cyprinodon radiosus) y el charalito tui del Owens (Gila bicolor snyderi, son documentos de recuperación orientados en solo estas especies. Estos planes se enfocan estrechamente a reforzar el número de individuos en poblaciones aisladas de estos peces en peligro. Hay consenso entre las agencias regulatorias y de manejo de tierras en la cuenca Owens de que la existencia de este tipo de planes promueve “algo parecido a un acuario”, para la conservación de especies, y no puede representar una recuperación verdadera. Es necesaria una nueva estrategia. El desarrollo de planes de recuperación multiespecíficos, es el camino. Este nuevo plan incluirá las dos especies enlistadas y suplantará los planes existentes. El nuevo plan de recuperación multiespecífico también incluirá recomendaciones para varias especies candidatos, incluyendo el Fish Slough milk-vetch (Astragalus lentiginosus]) var. (piscinensis), los cuales recientemente han sido propuestos como especies en peligro. El plan de recuperación enfatizará una aproximación basada en el ecosistema para la restauración de los humedales de la Cuenca Owens y hábitats acuáticos. El plan de recuperación de multiespecíficos está siendo financiado por el U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, California Department of Fish and Game, y las Agencias y partes interesadas en el proceso, incluyendo el U.S. Forest Service, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Inyo County, Desert Fishes Council, y otros. Recientemente hemos suscrito un contrato con un equipo de consultores para desarrollar el plan de recuperación multiespecífico. El equipo de consultores trabajará estrechamente con la fuerza operante para preparar un plan que reorientará los esfuerzos de recuperación de especies en la cuenca Owens. Un borrador del plan se tendrá a principios de 1995.

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED UNMACK,P.J. (South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Inland Waters Section, Adelaide, Australia.) Desert fishes down under Los peces del desierto de Australia KEYWORDS: Australia; fish distribution; habitat; threats; management; springs ABSTRACT Australia contains vast areas of desert relative to North America although much of it contains little permanent water and remains ichthyologically unexplored. Thirty three native and eight introduced species have been recorded. I begin with a history of ichthyological exploration in central Australia. Then I provide a brief summary of Central Australian fish habitats and an annotated list of native and introduced species. Finally, I review the threats to central Australian fishes CLAVES: Australia; distribución de peces; hábitat; amenazas; manejo; manantiales RESUMEN Australia contiene extensas áreas de desierto en relación a América del Norte, muchas de las cuales contienen poca agua permanente y que permanecen ictiológicamente inexploradas. Están registradas 33 especies nativas y ocho introducidas. Empiezo con la historia de exploraciones ictiológicas el Australia Central. Entonces doy un sumario breve de los habitats de peces en al zona, con una lista anotoda de especies, y termino con un repaso sobre las amenazas a peces Australianos. CONTRIBUTED PAPER INTRODUCTION - Australia has been isolated from the rest of the world for 50 million years, providing the flora and fauna a chance to evolve in unique ways, and develop a high degree of endemism. Unlike North America, Australia has been tectonically very stable for a considerable period of time; no major mountain PAST AND PRESENT ICHTHYOLOGICAL building has occurred for tens of millions of years. Parts WORK - Prior to 1894, only three species had been of the Finke River are thought to have followed the same recorded from central Australia. The Horn Exped ition course for at least 65 million years (my) and possibly up (Spencer 1896) was the first to investigate central to 350 my (C ook 1968 cited in Pickup et. al. 1988). Australian fishes. It made a number of important Significant streamflow in parts of central Australia observations including the lack of evidence for ceased around 15 my ago (Van De Graaff et. al. 1977), aestivation by desert fish and the importance of fl ooding marking the time that aridity first began in central for dispersal. Several new species were described and Australia. new records made of others. This expedition raised the Today, 70% of Australia is semi-arid to arid desert number of species in central Australia to 10, (Fig. 1). In central Australia, average daily summer representing 7 families. temperatures are typically 37-39 /G45C (100 /G45F). In the years between 1894 and 1971, sporadic Occasionally, they may climb into the low 50’s. Average collecting raised the total number of native fish recorded daily winter temperatures range from 16 to 24/G45C. Night to 26 species from 9 families and 3 exotics from two time temperatures in winter rarely drop below -2 or families (Glover & Sim 1978a; 1978b). Detailed work 3/G45C. In central Australia, annual evaporation varies on central Australian fishes really only began when John between 2400 and 4400 mm. Average annual rainfall Glover, the Curator of Ichthyology at the South ranges from 110 mm around Lake Eyre to 300-450 mm Australian Museum (SAM), undertook studies from on the margins. Rainfall is very sporadic. Droughts are 1967 until his death in 1992. He conducted many the normal situation in central Australia. However, expeditions throughout central Australia, publishing localized falls can be extremely heavy, for instance, 300 several new records and discoveries, including the fishes mm in an overnight storm at Merty Merty homestead, from Dalhousie Springs. In the last checklist of central (near Innamincka) (Bonython 1989). Australian fishes, Glover (1982) recorded 26 native Not surprisingly, the desert region of Australia species from 10 families and 4 exotic taxa from 3 supports a limited, highly localized fish fauna. Only 11 families. The total numbers still recognized today is 22 families are represented by 33 native species, and two native and two exotic species respectively. subspecies. The fish show a high degree of endemism Several other workers have made, or are and extraordinary adaptations for desert existence. In continuing to make contributions to central Australian this paper, I provide an historical perspective on the ichthyology. Hamar Midgley has irregularly sampled the ichthyological exploration of central Australia. Then I larger Queensland Rivers and the Barkley Drainage provide a brief summary of central Australian fish habitats and an annotated list of the fish species, both native and exotic. It concludes with an overview of the threats to central Australian fish.

Figure 1. Australian Drainage Divisions (I=NE Coast; II=SE Coast; III=Tasmanian; IV=Murray- Darling; V=S Australian Gulf; VI=SW Coast; VII=Indian Ocean; VIII=Timor Sea; IX=Gulf of Carpentaria; X=Lake Eyre; XI=Bulloo-Bancannia; XII=Western Plateau) and Central Australian river systems: Ba-Bancannia; Bk-Barkley; Bt-Burt; Bu- Bulloo; Co-Cooper; Di-Diamantina; Fi-Finke; Fr- Frome; Ga-Gairdner; Ge-Georgina; Ha-Hale; Ma-Macumba; Mc-MacKay; Ne-Neales; Nu- Nullabour; PH-Plenty/Hale; SD-Sandy Desert; SL-Salt Lake; To-Todd; Wa-Warburton; Wi- Wiso. Figure 2. Lake Eyre and Bulloo-Bancannia drainage basins (modified from Allan 1989). since the late 1960’s. Helen Larson, the Curator of Ichthyology at the Nothern Territory Museum (NTM), has sampled many of the drainages in the Northern Territory, adding several new records. Since 1986, Jim Puckridge from Adelaide University has been conducting a study of the fish community dynamics in relation to the hydrological regime at Coongie Lakes. Work has also been conducted since 1988 in the South Australian portion by Bryan Pierce from the South Australian Research and Development Institute. This includes further genetic analysis of fish populations (independent of, though incorporating and expanding upon some of Glover’s electrophoretic work), as well as the dynamics of fish populations, habitat assessment, management research and other ecological work. My own investigations started in 1985, and I have since sampled most drainages and habitats in the Lake Eyre drainage. Presently I am involved with work on South Australian springs with B. Pierce. Mark Adams from the SAM Evolutionary Biology Unit, and Terry Sim from the SAM Ichthyology Department, are continuing electrophoretic studies on central Australian fishes initiated by J ohn Glover. Rob Wager from the Queensland Department of Primary Industries-Fisheries, is presently involved in endangered species research at Edgbaston and Elizabeth Springs, as well as some broader survey work in Queensland. The only taxonomists to r ecently deal with fishes of the region were Lucy Crowley and Walter Ivantsoff from Macquarie University. Their atherinid studies have recognized several new species from central Australia. HABITATS - Lakes - Lakes in central Australia provide a very minor and irregular habitat for fish. Despite the great size of some lakes, most rarely contain water. Two exceptions to this are Woods Lake in the Wiso system and the Coongie Lakes in the Cooper Creek system; both are a series of interconnected, shallow lakes that rarely dry out (Reid and Puckridge 1990). Little data exist for Woods Lake, but the Coongie Lakes are rarely over 2m deep (Reid and Puckridge 1990) (Plate 1). When full, lakes such as Lake Eyre and Frome contain massive, although short lived fish populations that die off as salinity levels rise following evaporation (Ruello 1976). Lake Eyre is the eighteenth largest lake in the world (Kreig 1989). It has a total area of 9,000 km , but is thought to have been three times larger and permanent around 50,000 years ago (Dulhunty 1982). During the record 1974 floods, the lake peaked at an estimated 32.5 million megalitres or 26 million acre feet. After some minor inflows in the intervening years, it was virtually dry again by 1979-80 (Bye & Will 1989). While rarely completely dry, it probably doesn’t contain resident fish populations.

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED Figure 3. Spring Supergroups associated with the Great Artesia Basin (redrawn from Habermehl (1982) and Ponder (1986). Rivers - Rivers in central Australia are unusual in that they all rise and end in the arid zone. In most of the world, desert rivers enter deserts from humid areas. There is no permanent flowing water in any waterways except springs and streams flow only after rainfall events. Central Australia does not have a wet and a dry season, however, large storms tend to be more common in summer when the occasional remnants of tropical cyclones drift over central Australia. Australian rivers are up to 1000 times more variable in mean a nnual discharge than most European and North American rivers (Gale & Bainbridge 1990). In small catchments streamflows are relatively short; perhaps a few hours to a few days. At any one site on a larger river, flow typically lasts for a few days to a few weeks, and flows lasting greater than one month are rare. Streamflow tends to travel slowly along the length of the river. Cooper Creek for example is reported to have gradients as low as 3cm/km. Thus, it may take one or two months for water to travel from upper to lower reaches. When in flood, rivers such as Cooper Creek may spread as wide as 50 km (Plate 2). Most rivers contain very little permanent water, other than a few permanent waterholes, most water disappears after a year or two with no flow (Plates 3, 4). What little available physiochemical data demonstrate that most waterbodies have very broad temperature and salinity ranges (Glover 1982). Doddridge (1992), working in lower Cooper Creek, recorded an annual temperature range of 13 to 34 /G45C. Turbidity, caused by fine clay particles, is typically exceptionally high. Australia is divided up into twelve major drainage divisions, with 3 in central Australia (Figure 1). The Bulloo-Bancannia Drainage Division covers approximately 100,570 km . It consists of the Bulloo River system which terminates in Bulloo Lake, a series of large ephemeral swamps on the Queensland-New South Wales border (Fig. 2). The Bancannia system consists of a series of small, isolated creeks and lakes, which along with the Bulloo River, remain poorly sampled, with most fish known only from a few specimens. Curiously, the Bulloo River’s fish populations are far less abundant than expected compared to other central Australian rivers. This may be due to much higher turbidity levels relative to other central Australian rivers. Previous authors have incorrectly considered that the Bulloo River is, or was, part of the Murray-Darling Drainage Division (Lake 1971; Llewellyn & Pollard 1980). The present topography indicates that the most likely place for historical drainage was towards Lake Frome, and the fish fauna of the Bulloo River most closely resembles that of Cooper Creek, which had past connections to Lake Frome. The Lake Eyre Drainage Division covers approximately 1,300,000 km , only 30% of which exceeds 250 m above sea level. Lake Eyre, at 15.2 m below sea level (Kotwicki 1989) is the terminus for all the drainage (Fig. 2). Despite the relatively long and large size of the rivers, permanent water is quite limited in the Lake Eyre Division. The Neales River, for example, is reported to have two permanent waterholes. The Macumba (Plate 5), Finke (Plate 6), Todd, Hale Rivers and all of the Frome System have no permanent waterholes, while the

Plenty and Hay Rivers have only a couple of tiny invertebrates, although, with the exception of some springfed pools. The Georgina River has only one groups, i.e. hydrobiid snails (Ponder & Clarke 1990), waterhole which has not dried since European amphipods, ostracods, and isopods, most invertevrates settlement, although there are many which usually have are poorly studied. Many of the springs remain water (Randal 1978). The Diamantina River has quite a uncollected, however, most are relatively small and/or few permanent waterholes, while Cooper Creek, in the degraded. Despite this, chances of new discoveries are least arid area, has the most waterholes, and not high. surprisingly the highest fish diversity. Dalhousie Springs (Plate 7) are t hought to have Despite the appearance on a map that most of the formed one to two million years ago (Kreig 1989). larger rivers connect to Lake Eyre, the lake appears to Within the Dalhousie springs complex there are 100 act as a physical barrier to migration by some fish individual spring outlets, of which approximately 80 are species. Most of the rivers that contribute water to the still active and account for 41% of the natural spring lake each have distinctive fish faunas (see Table 1). discharge from the GAB (Habermehl 1982). These Several species are endemic to Cooper Creek, while the occur over an area of about 70 km (Zeidler & Ponder Diamantina River has no endemic species, though both 1989a). Dal housie Springs are the only major group rivers occasionally flow into Lake Eyre at the same time. which pr oduces warm water outflows; many springs There are no obvious reasons why the Cooper Creek have temperatures between 30 and 46 /G45C. These springs endemics couldn’t survive in the Diamantina River have by far the most significant spring fauna in Australia today. Although data are lacking on what lives in the with 6 fish species, 4 of them endemic, at least six lake, most species can access the lake during floods, and endemic hydrobiid snails, and several small crustaceans, the lake habitat is not that different from their usual including a blind amphipod (Zeidler 1991). In add ition, habitat. Nobody really knows why the endemics don’t a crayfish and a frog are also possibly endemic (Zeidler cross between the rivers. and Ponder 1989b). Due to its isolation there are The Western Plateau Drainage Division is around currently no introduced aquatic animals in any of the 2,455, 000 km and is mostly between 450 and 600 m springs and there has been very little modification to the above sea level. Primarily because most of it is springs except for the introduction of date palms inaccessible due to a lack of roads, its fish are very poorly known, especially in Western Australia. It consists of a series of fragmented drainages (Van De Graaff et. al. 1977); no major rivers exist and permanent water is apparently scarce. Despite lack of collecting, spangled perch ( Leiopotherapon unicolor ) have been The Lake Eyre supergroup (Plates 8-10) is the recorded from all but three rive systems. largest spring complex in terms of the number of SPRINGS - All of the larger, and most permanent springs in central Australia are associated with the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) (Fig. 3). It is one of the largest artesian or groundwater basins in the world and covers 1.76 million km or 22% of Australia (Ponder 1986). Eleven “supergroups” of springs are recognized (Habermehl 1982, P onder 1986). Habermehl (1982) estimates there are approximately six hundred “springs”; ( Chlamydogobius eremius) has been recorded in thirty however one “spring” may represent anywhere from two to 400 individual spring outlets (P onder 1986). Most Australian springs are relatively small with a discharge of <1 l/s. Only 11 have discharges of 5 - 138 l/s, and all of these are located at Dalhousie Springs (Smith 1989). Many springs have a distinctive mound, and are thus often referred to as mound springs, although the size and composition of mounds vary greatly. Springs which do not form mounds are often referred to as artesian springs. Water from most of the springs is sufficiently low in dissolved solids to be suitable for stock and/or human consumption. Harris (1981) provides a short summary of the Aboriginal and European history of the springs. Relatively few springs harbor fishes, and only those known to contain endemic fishes are discussed here. A number are known to contain endemic (Phoenix dactylifera). In 1985, the property containing Dalhousie Springs was purchased by the South Australian Government to form Witjira National Park (Harris 1989), making Dal housie Springs the first complete spring group in Australia to be protected. individual springs. These occur in a band approximately 400 km l ong by 20 km wide around Lake Eyre (Ponder et. al. 1989). Alt hough around 100 “spring groups” have been named (Casperton 1979), there are perhaps several thousand individual outlets, most of which are very small. The average age of water emerging from springs in the Southwest is one million years (Bentley et. al. 1986). Desert goby springs. Lake Eyre hardyheads ( Craterocephalus eyresii) and spangled perch are occasionally recorded, and one exotic, “dambusia” (Gambusia holbrooki ) is found in a few springs. Endemic invertebrates include ten species of hydrobiid snails from two genera (Ponder et. al. 1989), several ostracods (DeDeckker 1979), amphipods, an isopod (Nicholls 1943), and a Platyhelminth (Sluys 1986). Few other groups have been studied. Edgbaston Springs (Plate 11) are a part of the Springsure supergroup. At least 44 springs have been identified at Edgbaston Springs (Wager 1994), some of which have naturally gone extinct. Most are very small, shallow, marshy, and none form mounds. Four native fishes have been recorded, redfinned blue eye (Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis ), Edgbaston goby

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED (Chlamydogobius sp. C ), Myross hardyhead (Craterocephalus sp.), (all endemic) and spangled perch (recorded once). Dambusia are also present in many springs. These springs contain the smallest natural habitat of any fish in Australia; the area inhabited by the redfinned blue eye is approximately 6-8,000 m . Edgbaston Springs also contains some of the harshest freshwater environmental conditions; temperatures may vary diurnally by up to at least 21/G45C (Wager & Unmack in prep.). Despite their small size, Edgbaston Springs contains a very significant fauna which rivals that of Dalhousie Springs. It includes 7 congeneric snails, with up to 6 sympatric in some springs (Ponder & Clarke 1990). There are also undescribed ostracods, amphipods and other invertebrates (Ponder 1986). Elizabeth Springs (Plate 12) are a part of the Clupeidae - herrings - Bony bream or gizzard shad Springvale supergroup, which had several active springs prior to water extraction. Today, only Elizabeth Springs, which was once probably the second or third largest spring in the GAB, remains active, flowing at <5% of its original rate. It discharges through approximately 30 individual spring outlets spread over an area of 0.6 km . One fish, the Elizabeth Springs goby (Chlamydogobius sp. A ), and one hydrobiid snail are known endemics females pr oducing 33,000 - 880,000 eggs (Puckridge & (Unmack & Wager in prep. b). Walker 1990). In Cooper Creek, bony bream have a FISH - General Remarks - There appear to be two reasons fishes have been able to persist in central Australia despite the lack of permanent water. First, it is generally rare for all waterholes in a particular system to be dry at the same time, and second, the permanency of some waterholes is affected by floods. Most species are very effective at migration. Within each river system, Retropinnidae - smelts - Australian smelt Retropinna fish distribution is fairly uniform; most waterholes will typically contain 80-100% of the total fauna. During floods virtually every water body above the point where flow ceases are connected, albeit perhaps briefly, but the very low gradient allows flood water to persist for longer periods. Most central Australian fishes have very broad environmental tolerances. All can tolerate temperatures between 15 and 35 /G45C, and most would tolerate 7 to 37/G45C; a few, such as desert goby and spangled perch (Leiopotherapon unicolor) (Merrick & Schmida 1984), can tolerate lows of 4 and highs of 42 /G45C for short periods. Virtually every Australian fish examined can tolerate direct transfer into 50% sea water. However, few can tolerate 100% sea water. Most can generally survive in relatively low oxygen concentrations, although specific data are lacking. The recruitment of most species is linked to flooding. Several species can spawn independently of flooding, but significant juvenile recruitment occurs only after floods. Most species generally spawn at temperatures above 20 to 26 /G45C. Most of the smaller species, especially hardyheads, rainbows, smelts, and glassperches, tend to lay relatively few (20-60) eggs daily during the warmer months. Larger species, such as catfish, grunters, and perches tend to spawn large numbers of small eggs during floods. All of the gobies and gudgeons tend to attach eggs onto hard surfaces. The male guards the eggs until hatching, after which no further parental care occurs. SPECIES ACCOUNTS - Central Australian fishes and data on their distribution are presented in Table 1. Brief accounts of each species biology, ecology and life history follow. Most ecological information given is based on populations outside of central Australia as most central Australian populations have not been studied. Nematalosa erebi (Gunther 1868) - Bony bream are very similar ecologically to the North American genus Dorosoma (J. Puckridge, pers. comm.). It is the second most widespread fish in Australia, and is abundant in central Australia. In the Murray River, individuals grow to 470 mm and spawn in early summer independent of flooding. They are highly fecund, with 199 - 403 mm TL much broader spawning period, and they don’t grow as large (J. Puckridge pers. comm.). Annual kills of bony bream, common during winter, have been attributed to several causes, including achlya (Puckridge et. al. 1989) or parasitic infections (Langdon et. al. 1985), and low water temperatures. semoni (Weber 1895) - The Australian smelt is widespread in Southern Australia, but within central Australia it is restricted to Cooper Creek, where it is abundant. Maximum size is 100 mm TL. Spawning can begin in mid-winter and may extend into early summer in Cooper Creek (J. Puckridge pers. comm.). Fecundity is probably low (Merrick & Schmida 1984). Plotosidae - eeltailed catfish - Hyrtl’s catfish Neosilurus hyrtlii Steindachner 1867 - Hyrtl’s catfish is the third most widespread fish in Australia and is usually abundant in central Australia, where it grows to 350 mm TL. Spawning has been observed during floods, and fecundity ranges from 1,600 to 15,300 eggs for females from 186 - 267 mm TL (Orr & Milward 1984). Dalhousie catfish Neosilurus sp. - The Dalhousie catfish is restricted to fourteen springs at Dalhousie Springs (Kodric-Brown & Brown 1993) where it is generally abundant. It is listed as Threatened by the Australian Society for Fish Biology (ASFB) (Jackson 1992). Maximum size is 120mm (Glover 1989), although specimens will grow to 180mm in captivity.

TABLE 1. DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR CENTRAL AUSTRALIAN FISHES BBDB ——LAKE EYRE DRAINAGE BASIN —– WESTERN PLATEAU DRAINAGE HAB. NATIVE SPECIES Bu Ba Co Di Ge LE Fr Ne Ma DS Fi To PH Bk Wi Bt Mc SD SL Wa Nu Ga Ri Sp CS bony bream X- XXXXXXX- X- - XX- - - - - - - X- - Australian smelt – X –X —— —– — –X – Hyrtl’s catfish X - X X X –X –X - -X X – — –X – Dalhousie catfish – —––X – —– — —X V false-spined catfish X - ––––– —– — –X -U Cooper Creek catfish – X ——— —– — –X -silver tandan X- XXX- - -X — -X X – — –X – Finke hardyhead – ––––X - —– — –X -R Dalhousie hardyhead – —––X – —– — —X V Lake Eyre hardyhead – X X -X X X –– —– — –X X - Glover’s hardyhead – —––X – —– — —X V Myross hardyhead – X ——— —– — —X E desert rainbowfish X - X X X –X X -X - -X X – — –X -red-finned blue eye – X ——— —– — —X E western chanda perch – X X X —–X - -X X – — –X – Lake Eyre golden perch – X X X X —— —– — –X – Bulloo River golden perch X - ––––– —– — –X -banded grunter – –X –X –X - -X — — –X – Welch’s grunter X - X X X —–– —– — –X -spangled perch X- XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XX- - - XX- Barcoo grunter X - X X X —–– -X — — –X – Western carp gudgeon X - X ——— —– — –X – Midgley’s carp gugeon X - X ——— —– — –X – Lake’s carp gudgeon – X ——— —– — –X – Finke mogurnda – —— X X - —– — –X X - (Continued)

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED TABLE 1. DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR CENTRAL AUSTRALIAN FISHES (CONTINUED) BBDB ——LAKE EYRE DRAINAGE BASIN —– WESTERN PLATEAU DRAINAGE HAB. NATIVE SPECIES Bu Ba Co Di Ge LE Fr Ne Ma DS Fi To PH Bk Wi Bt Mc SD SL Wa Nu Ga Ri Sp CS Flinders Ranges mogurnda - - X —X —– —– — –X -V Bulloo mogurnda X - ––––– —– — –X -E x Frew mogurnda - - ––––– -X — — –X -desert goby - - ––X X –– —– — –X X - Elizabeth Springs goby - - -X –––– —– — —X E Dalhousie goby - - —––X – —– — —X R Edgbaston goby - - X ——— —– — —X E Finke goby - - ––––X - —– — –X -flathead goby - - –X —–– —– — –X – Total 12 - 1 9 1 1 1 1 5574691 19611 11- – 2 6 1 2 1 2 TRANSLOCATED NATIVES silver perch - - ––X —– —– — –X – Murray-Darling golden perch - - ––X —– X –– — –X – Murray cod - - X ——— —– — –X – INTRODUCED EXOTICS dambusia X - X X –X X –– —– — X X X X goldfish - - X ——— —– — -X X -carp - - ––X —– —– — –X – BBDB=Bulloo-Bancannia Drainage Bu=Bulloo River system Ba=Bancannia system Lake Eyre Drainage Co=Cooper Creek system Di=Diamantina River system Ge=Georgina River system LE=Lake Eyre Fr=Frome River system Ne=Neales River system Ma=Macumba River system DS=Dalhousie Springs Fi=Finke River system To=Todd River system Ha=Hale River system PH=Plenty/Hale River system Western Plateau Drainage Bk=Barkley system Wi=Wiso system Bt=Burt system Mc=MacKay system SD=Sandy Desert system SL=Salt Lake system Wa=Warburton system Nu=Nullabour system Ga=Gairdner system Habitat Ri=Rivers, lakes, anything but a spring Sp=Springs CS=Conservation Status (Jackson 1992) Ex=Extinct (not in Jackson 1992) E=Endangered V=Vulnerable PT=Potentially Threatened R=Restricted U=Uncertain Status

Fecundity ranges from 136 to 1,197 eggs for 72 - 120mm TL females. It is not known if spawning is seasonal or occurs all year round (Glover 1989). This species occurs voluntarily in water up to 40/G45C (Unmack pers. obs. 1994). Glover & Sim (1978a) originally proposed that this species and Dalhousie hardyheads were both limited to thermal waters because they appeared to have low tolerance to temperatures below 20/G45C. However, this appears inaccurate, as once acclimated, Dalhousie catfish will feed, and show no sign of distress, at 16/G45C (Unmack unpub. data). False-spined catfish Neosilurus sp. - This rare persist by leap-frogging between semi-permanent species is known only from two specimens from central waterholes. Despite having the highest and widest Australia that were collected in 1974 from the Bulloo salinity tolerance of any Australian fish, 0-110 ppt River. Virtually nothing known of this species except (Glover & Sim 1878a), it was estimated (Ruello 1976) that it grows to at least 300 mm TL (Allen 1989). that at least twenty million of them died in Lake Eyre in Cooper Creek catfish undescribed genus and 1975 when salinity levels rose with dropping water species (Plate 13) - The Cooper Creek catfish is an levels. They can grow to 100 mm TL. Most previously undescribed species and genus which is very poorly published information on this species was obtained known. It is confined to Cooper Creek where it is from, and is now largely applicable, only to Murray widespread and usually common, though not abundant. It appears to be a distinct lineage of Plotosidae. Maximum size is at least 600 mm. It has the largest egg size and lowest fecundity per unit length of any fish in central Australia, or any other Australian freshwater plotosid. A 450 mm female contains approximately 1,000 eggs (Unmack in press). Silver tandan Porochilus argenteus (Zeitz 1896b) - Silver tandans are found in most of the larger rivers where they can be very abundant at times. They probably spawn during flooding, undertake substantial migrations, and grow to 300 mm TL. Atherinidae - hardyheads or silversides - Finke slightly lower temperatures than Dalhousie hardyhead hardyhead Craterocephalus centralis Crowley & Ivantsoff 1990b - The Finke hardyhead is a recently described species. It is generally widespread and Myross hardyhead Craterocephalus sp. - This abundant, though restricted to the Finke River, where it species was only discovered during mid- 1994. It’s grows to 64 mm TL. It is listed as Restricted by ASFB restricted to one spring-fed pool in the Edgbaston Spring (Jackson 1992). Like most craterocephalids they complex, and w ill probably be considered endangered. probably spawn during the warmer months, laying a few Ecological work, and a description are being prepared eggs daily. by Wager and Brooks. Dalhousie hardyhead Craterocephalus dalhousiensis Ivantsoff & Glover 1974 (Plate 14) - This species is restricted to approximately 7 springs at Melanotaenia splendida tatei (Zietz 1896a) - The desert Dalhousie Springs (Kodric-Brown & Brown 1993). It is rainbowfish is widespread and ab undant in all the larger listed as Vulnerable by the ASFB (Jackson 1992). Growing to 78 mm TL, this is the only member of the genus known to be morphologically sexually dimorphic (Ivantsoff & Glover 1974). In aquaria, this species lays a few eggs a day when temperatures are maintained over 24/G45C. It is not known whether they reproduce throughout the year or seasonally under natural conditions. Dalhousie hardyheads have the highest recorded voluntary temperature tolerance of any Australian fish; they will live in 40 /G45C and make very brief excursions into water of 41.8/G45C (Glover 1989). Lake Eyre hardyhead Craterocephalus eyresii (Steindachner 1884) - Three isolated populations of Lake Eyre hardyheads exist, Lake Eyre, Northern Flinders Ranges and Lake Torrens/Willochra Creek (which is not a central Australian drainage). Their abundance and distribution fluctuates widely. They may occasionally be found in the lower reaches of most rivers draining into Lake Eyre, e.g. Cooper Creek and Diamantina River, however, these are probably ephemeral populations. In fact, throughout most of their range there is no permanent water, and they appear to hardyhead (Craterocephalus fluvia tilis), which were considered synonymous with Lake Eyre hardyheads until Crowley and Ivantsoff (1990b) separated them. Glover’s hardyhead Craterocephalus gloveri Crowley & Ivantsoff 1990a - Glover’s hardyhead is known from only three springs at Dalhousie Springs. It is listed as Vulnerable by the ASFB (Jackson 1992). Morphologically they are very similar to Dalhousie hardyhead, making them difficult to distinguish. This species tends to inhabit slightly cooler springs than Dalhousie hardyhead, but the two appear to be sympatric in one spring. This species attains 50 mm TL, and in aquaria, it lays a few eggs a day and appears to spawn at (Unmack unpub. data). It is not known whether they reproduce year round or seasonally in the wild. Melanotaeniidae - rainbowfishes - Desert rainbowfish rivers, where they grow to 80 mm TL. In aquaria, M. splendida (all subspecies) generally lay 50-100 eggs daily whenever temperatures are adequate (generally > 20-24/G45C). Life history data are available only on other subspecies from outside central Australia. Pseudomugilidae blue eyes - Redfinned blue eye Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis Ivantsoff, Unmack, Saeed & Crowley 1991 - The redfinned blue eye, discovered in 1989, is listed as Endangered by the ASFB (Jackson 1992). T hough recorded from eight springs at Edgbaston Springs, it’s abundance and

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED occurrence varies, such that presently it is known from spawning occurs at temperatures ranging from 26 to only five springs. Principal threats include dambusia, 33 /G45C (Merrick & Schmida 1984). No research has been sheep and cattle fouling the water, and/or dying in carried out upon central Australian populations. springs. They are known to reach 28mm TL (Wager & Unmack in prep), making them the smallest freshwater fish in Australia with the longest scientific name! In aquaria, redfinned blue eye lay a few eggs daily at temperatures over 20 /G45C, although temperatures over 26/G45C are preferred (Unmack & Brumley 1990). Little is known of their breeding behavior in the wild. Ambassidae - glassfishes - Western chanda perch (Merrick & Schmida 1984). Ambassis mulleri Klunzinger 1879 - T hough Spangled perch Leiopotherapon unicolor widespread in the larger rivers, abundance of this (Gunther 1859) (Plate 16) - The spangled perch is the species fluctuates greatly. Due to a revision of most widespread fish in Australia, and is known from all Ambassidae (Allen & Burgess 1989), all previous but three separate basins (which haven’t had any native records of A. castelnaui for central Australia are now applicable to western chanda perch, and past records of pennyfish (Denariusa bandata) (Glover & Sim 1978a; Glover 1982 and others), were misidentifications of this species. Western chanda perch can grow to at least 60 mm TL. Percichthyidae - cods and perches - Lake Eyre golden perch, yellowbelly or callop Macquaria sp. ssp. (Plate 15) - This is the largest species found in central Australia, growing to around 600 mm and 5.6 kg. It was recently recognized as distinct from the larger (760 mm and 23 kg) Murray-Darling golden perch (M. ambigua ambigua ) by Musyl & Keenan (1993), but not not described. It is widespread and abundant in most of the larger rivers, and is a major angling species. A small commercial fishery exists in lower Cooper Creek in South Australia. All biological information provided here is for Murray-Darling golden perch since this littleknown species is likely similar in most regards. Spawning occurs during a flood at temperatures over 23/G45C and fecundity is between 100,000 and 1,000,000 eggs. One of few freshwater fish in the world known to lay pelagic eggs (Merrick & Schmida 1984), this species’ migrations of up to 2300 km (Reynolds 1983) are some of the longest migrations recorded by any fully freshwater fish. Bulloo golden perch or yellowbelly Macquaria sp. ssp. - Considered common throughout the Bulloo River, this species was recently recognized, but not described, as a separate subspecies (Musyl & Keenan 1993). Biological information is the same as for previous species. Terapontidae - grunters - Banded grunter Amniataba percoides (Gunther 1864) - The banded grunter is probably the fourth most widespread fish in Australia. In central Australia, it is found only in the Finke and Georgina Rivers, Barkley Drainage, and (from a single record) the Neales River (Glover 1984). Typically they are common and may grow up to 200 mm TL. Fish between 70 and 90g produce 40,000-77,000 eggs and Welch’s grunter Bidyanus welchi (McCulloch & Waite 1917) - Welch’s grunter, reaching at least 350 mm TL, is widespread and often abundant in most of the larger rivers. Spawning appears to be associated with flooding, with 280 mm females producing 100,000 pelagic eggs. Like golden perch, this species also produces fully pelagic eggs. Most information on their breeding biology is derived only from laboratory studies fish recorded from them) in central Australia. They can reach a length of 300 mm TL, but females mature at 78 mm TL. Spawning occurs at temperatures over 26 /G45C and flooding is not necessary to induce it. A 24 g fish produces 24,000 eggs, and a 65g fish produces 113,200. Because of its ability to rapidly colonize new waterbodies, it has often been proposed that this species can aestivate, either as eggs or adults, however there is no evidence to support this claim (Llewelyn 1973). It is also commonly reported in so called “rains of fish”, where usually spangled perch can be found scattered on the ground after heavy downpours. These fish have clearly not fallen from the sky, but have migrated there via overland flow (Glover 1990). This species has particularly good dispersal abilities; Shipway ( 1947) recorded hundreds of young spangled perch swimming 10miles in six hours along a wheel rut. Barcoo grunter Scortum barcoo (McCulloch & Waite 1917) - The Barcoo grunter is generally widespread in the larger rivers where it may be locally abundant at times. Prior to about 1975 it was only known to science by the single holotype collected in 1916 (Vari. 1978; Merrick & Barker 1975). Eleotridae - gudgeons - Western carp gudgeon Hypseleotris kluzingeri (Ogilby 1898) - The western carp gudgeon is widespread and usually abundant in Cooper Creek and the Bulloo River. Individuals reach 60 mm TL, and usually spawn in spring and early summer, during flooding, at temperatures over 20 /G45C. Flooding may not be a prerequisite to spawning. Females mature at 30mm and deposit between 1,000- 2,000 eggs on a hard object near the water surface. Males guard the eggs until fry hatch in fifty hours (Lake 1967). There is no further parental care. Midgley’s carp gudgeon Hypseleotris sp. - Midgley’s carp gudgeon is widespread, though typically less abundant than western carp gudgeon, in Cooper Creek and the Bulloo River. They grow to 40 mm TL, and usually spawn in spring and early summer at temperatures over 20 /G45C. Flooding is not considered necessary for spawning. Females mature at around 25

mm TL, and lay 200-400 eggs on a hard object (not near Known to reach 60 mm TL, in aquaria, spawning the surface like in western carp gudgeon). The male generally occurs at temperatures above 26 /G45C with guards the eggs until hatching occurs in 7-8 days females typically laying 50- 250 eggs on the ceiling of a (Unmack unpub. data). cave. Males guard the eggs until hatching, which Lake’s carp gudgeon, Hypseleotris sp. (?) - Lake’s carp gudgeon has only been collected in upper portions of the Barcoo and Thompson Rivers in the Cooper Creek Drainage. It appears to be the rarest of the three ( Cyprindon). They can tolerate temperatures from 5 to Hypseleotis subspecies. It strongly resembles Lake’s carp gudgeon from the Murray-Darling System, although its specific status remains unclear. Flinders Ranges, Balcanoona or Barcoo mogurnda The genus Chlamydogobius is presently being or purple spotted gudgeon Mogurnda sp. - The Flinders Ranges mogurnda is restricted to a couple of creeks in the Flinders Ranges, but was also recently recorded from Elizabeth Springs goby Chlamydogobius sp. A a very short section of the upper Barcoo River. It is Restricted to Elizabeth Springs, population size of this listed as Vulnerable by the ASFB (Jackson 1992). It was species is estimated at 1,000-2,000 individuals. It is only recently recognized as different from the northern listed as Endangered by the ASFB (Jackson 1992). They purple spotted gudgeon (M. mogurnda) (Glover 1989). It grows to around 150mm. Spawning for all Australian Mogurnda spp. is basically the same. In nature, they probably spawn throughout the warmer months of the year. In aquaria, they spawn at temperatures over 20/G45C and females lay between 200-800 eggs, usually on the underside of a hard object. The male guards the eggs until fry hatch in seven days. Spawnings are generally repeated, as long as temperature is maintained above 20/G45C (Young 1987; Hanson 1988). The genus is one of the few for which life history studies have included central Australian populations. Edgbaston goby Chlamydogobius sp. C - The Finke or Dalhousie mogurnda or purple spotted Edgbaston goby occurs in small numbers in gudgeon Mogurnda sp. (Plate 17) - The Finke mogurnda is restricted to Dal housie Springs and the Finke River, where it is usually common, but never abundant. Its taxonomic status is still uncertain, however, I believe it will be recognized as distinct from northern purple spotted gudgeon, a species I no longer consider to be part of the central Australian fauna. It Finke goby Chlamydogobius sp. D - The Finke biology is the same as the previous species. goby is generally restricted to the upper Finke River, Bulloo mogurnda or purple spotted gudgeon? where it may be common, though typically not abundant. Mogurnda sp. - Taxonomic status of the single specimen collected from the Bulloo Drainage in 1955 is unclear. It may represent an extirpated population of the Flathead goby Glossogobius giurus (Hamilton Flinders Ranges mogurnda. 1822) - The flathead goby is widespread through out Frew mogurnda or purple spotted gudgeon Northern Australia and the Indo-Pacific region. In Mogurnda sp. - The Frew mogurnda is presently know only from a small portion of the Barkley Drainage. Its present taxonomic status is unknown, but, due to its long isolation, I feel it is likely to prove to be a new species once closely studied. Gobiidae - gobies - Desert goby Chlamydogobius eremius (Zietz 1896a) - The desert goby is widespread and often abundant in the Neales River, and extends southwards around Lake Eyre to Clayton Bore. It is typically found in rivers, springs and bore drains. This is the only species in central Australia which has undergone extensive field study (Glover 1971; 1973). typically occurs in 10 days. They rarely seem to live longer than one year (Thompson 1983). Desert gobies are the Australian “equivalent” of the pupfishes at least 40/G45C, salinities as high as 60 ppt, and have been collected at oxygen concentrations as low as 0.8 mg/l (Glover 1973; Glover 1982). revised by H. Larson who will describe the following species: will grow to a maximum size of 62 mm TL. Spawnings have been recorded at temperatures over 20/G45C. Around 40-100 eggs are laid on the ceiling of a cave, with males guarding the eggs until hatching occurs ten days later (Unmack & Wager in prep. a). Dalhousie goby Chlamydogobius sp. B (Plate 18) - The Dalhousie goby is restricted to approximately 28 springs at Dalhousie Springs where it is usually common (Kodric-Brown & Brown 1993). It is listed as Restricted by the ASFB (Jackson 1992), and its biology is probably similar to the above species. approximately 11 of the Edgbaston Springs. It is listed as Vulnerable by the ASFB (Jackson 1992) as a result of various threats, including dambusia, cattle and sheep fouling the water, and dying in springs. Their breeding biology is almost identical to the desert goby (Unmack and Wager unpub. data). It should probably be considered Restricted. Its breeding biology is probably similar to the above congeners. central Australia, it is found only in the Georgina River where it appears to be common, growing to at least 200 mm TL. It apparently has a marine larval stage (Allen 1989), and it is quite possible that this population, which has not been studied, is one of the only populations that does not have access to the sea. Very little known of its biology in Australia in general. EXOTIC SPECIES - Poeciliidae - livebearers - Dambusia Gambusia holbrooki (Girard 1859) - Dambusia is widespread and common in the Neales and Diamantina Rivers and Cooper Creek. A few other populations exist around Lake Eyre, isolated parts of the

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED Bulloo-Bancannia Drainage Division, and in the Clayton Bore which leads towards Lake Eyre (Unmack Nullabour and Gairdner Drainages (Glover 1982). All unpub. data). It has probably been intr oduced elsewhere records of mosquito fish ( G. affinis) for Australia are now considered to be dambusia (Lloyd & Tomasov 1985). Dambusia appear to have caused few problems to native fish populations, probably because of the lack of alteration to river flows. However, they are reported Terapontidae - grunters - silver perch Bidyanus to have caused a decrease in fish populations inhabiting non-riverine habitats, for example, Clayton Bore (Glover 1989), and springs (Unmack & Brumley 1990; Unmack 1992; Wager & Unmack in prep.). One spot livebearer Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel 1868) - The one spot livebearer was recorded in 1973 from Trephina Creek in the Todd River Drainage (Victorian Museum records). None have been reported before or after this, and none were seen or caught during a recent survey (Unmack unpub. data). Swordtail Xiphophorus helleri Heckel 1848 - although they are still occasionally proposed, but Swordtails were reported by Thompson (1982) as being numerous impacts threaten the integrity of central present in the Todd River, but none have been reported Australia’s unique aquatic ecosystems. since, and a recent survey failed to find any (Unmack A total of eight exotic and translocated species unpub. data). have been recorded from central Australia. This includes Cyprinidae - carps - Goldfish Carassius auratus Linnaeus 1758 - There have been at least two independent introductions of goldfish in the Cooper Creek drainage. They have been in the upper reaches of the Barcoo River for many years (Merrick & Schmida 1984), are now widespread in the Thompson River (R. Wager, pers. comm.), and have recently been recorded from Coongie Lakes (Reid & Puckridge 1990; Glover 1990), although they were apparently first introduced there in the 1970’s (Pierce 1993). Goldfish are also known from a reservoir associated with the sewage plant at Woomera in the Gairdner Drainage since 1956-7, where it was probably unintentionally introduced during local flooding (Glover 1979; Glover 1982). Carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758 - Carp are only known from the tailings dam at Leigh Creek coal mine, on a tributary to Frome Creek. Efforts will be made to poison this population in the near future (B. Pierce pers. comm.). TRANSLOCATED NATIVE SPECIES - Percichthyidae - cods and perches - Murray cod Macullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell 1838) - Murray cod were first introduced into the Cooper Creek System by the Queensland Department of Primary Industries in 1989 and 1990. Specimens have been captured, although it is unknown if they will establish a self maintaining population. It has probably been introduced elsewhere, as it is a popular angling/eating fish, and fingerlings are readily available. Murray-Darling golden perch, yellowbelly or callop Macquaria ambigua ambigua (Richardson 1845) - Two stockings of Murray-Darling golden perch have been recorded in the Hay/Plenty River Drainage (Unmack unpub. data). They have also been stocked in as it is a popular angling/eating fish, and fingerlings are readily available. It is unknown whether this species will hybridize with related species. bidyanus (Mitchell 1838) - Silver perch have been stocked into Clayton Bore which leads into Lake Eyre (Unmack unpub. data). All comments for Murray- Darling golden perch (above) also apply here. IMPACTS AND THREATS - Rivers and Lakes - Central Australia has largely avoided many of the typical impacts to aquatic ecosystems experienced elsewhere, probably as a result of central Australia’s isolation and very low population density. No dams are present, the recent translocations of three native fish, Murray cod, Murray-Darling golden perch and silver perch, either by local landholders or government agencies for angling purposes. Five exotic species, dambusia, swordtails, one spot livebearers, goldfish, and carp, have been recorded, but only three remain, and this should reduce to two as the carp will be poisoned in the near future (B. Pierce pers. comm.). The impacts of exotic fishes have been low, primarily because natural flow regimes have been maintained and the area is naturally variable with few permanent habitats. This could easily change if a predatory species adapted to this environment is released. While no impacts have yet been shown for translocated native fish, the potential for disaster through hybridization with congeners is very serious. Two of the translocated species have closely related species in central Australia. Hybridization between local and translocated stocks could weaken the fitness of unique locally adapted stocks and lead to a decrease in native fish populations and irreplaceable genetic loss. Unfortunately, the isolation of this area allows considerable illegal fishing to continue largely undetected. Many locals obtain fish for local consumption by use of gill nets, and dynamite is sometimes utilized. Others, however, take commercial quantities and transport them to interstate markets. Due to the low number of waterholes present during drought, such practices can result in severe reduction in year classes of fish susceptible to capture in gill nets. Sediment loads have most likely increased since the introduction of rabbits and the overstocking of livestock since the late 1800’s. Both are known to cause an overall loss in vegetation which increases soil erosion. While no direct impacts relating to this have been reported in Australia, it is likely to have caused

some siltation to waterholes and changes to nutrient occur. In an effort to reduce wastage of water, there is an dynamics, although these rivers naturally carried large active program underway to control or cap flowing quantities of sediment. bores. This will hopefully enhance spring flows. One Australia contains the largest populations of feral development that threatens the Lake Eyre supergroup is animals in the world including, goats, camels, horses and the Olympic Dam mining venture, which presently donkeys, as well as domesticated sheep and cattle. Aside draws 15 megalitres per day, and plans to expand from causing soil erosion and loss of vegetation, they withdrawals to 33 megalitres per day (Harris 1992). The foul waterholes through their faeces or carcasses, impacts of increased extraction are difficult to accurately sometimes making them uninhabitable to fish (Pierce predict, but present levels of extraction have impacted 1993). B ecause of the paucity of water, introduced several nearby springs. There is also a proposal to herbivores congregate in the riparian zone and on establish an iron smelting plant near Coober Pedy, floodplains, heavily trampling and overgrazing these presumably using artesian water in considerable areas. amounts, if not for industrial processes then certainly for A commercial fishery was recently established at the proposed township. Another mining proposal at Lake Hope on the lower Cooper Creek for Lake Eyre Cloncurry (near Julia Creek, Queensland) also hopes to golden perch. This was allowed on the basis that this use GAB water (R. Wager pers. comm.). was a temporary lake/waterhole which was isolated from Virtually every spring has cattle or sheep grazing the system and would inevitably dry out. If this practice on it except those at Dalhousie Springs, where grazing were expanded to include other waterholes, fish ceased in 1985 (Harris 1989). A few of the Lake Eyre populations could easily be decimated due to the limited Springs were fenced in 1986-1988 (Harris 1992), and a number of refuges present. A key consideration is the few springs are protected within Carnarvon Gorge role of ephemeral waterbodies in sustaining fish National Park (Ponder & Clark 1990). Due to the lack populations in an exceptionally variable system. To what of water and fodder, stock tend to congregate around extent do these populations rely on the rare recruitment springs, producing trampling of the surrounding area as opportunities provided by inundation of outlying sites? well as disturbance to the spring itself. Faeces tend to What are the evolutionary implications of harvesting the pollute springs by causing high ammonia concentrations. colonizing populations in these outliers? Unfortunately, Occasionally, stock get trapped in soft mud and die, or no biological studies have been completed to ascertain they just happen to be in a spring when they die. In very the sustainablility and management implications of these small springs this results in the complete loss of fauna, practices. and in larger springs the total biomass tends to be There have been numerous past proposals to dam reduced. several rivers and divert water into the Murray-Darling Many of the generally small springs in Queensland, system for irrigation. Dams are also frequently proposed which has a relatively higher density of people and for flood control on the Todd River above Alice Springs. pastoral properties (ranches) than elsewhere, have been Fortunately all such proposals have been defeated so far. dug out by pastoralists to improve water supply for stock There are presently no catchment management (Ponder & Clarke 1990; R. Wager pers. comm.). None arrangements for any rivers, and there is considerable of the springs have been channelized or diverted, resistance by the upstream state governments to consider primarily because of their small size, and no irrigation the needs of downstream water users. has occurred in central Australia, but springs are Springs - The following is an abbreviated summary of the extent of impacts largely drawn from summaries by Harris (1992) and Ponder (1986). Water exploitation in the GAB started in the late 1870’s when the first bores or wells were s unk. This caused an initial period of drawdown, or loss of pressure in the aquifer, and a decline in discharge of most springs within the GAB. Virtually all springs in the Bogan and Bourke supergroups are extinct, or nearly so (Pickard 1992), many in the Eulo supergroup are extinct (Ponder 1986), and only one spring, Elizabeth Springs (which flows at <95% of its original rate), remains active in the Springvale supergroup (Habermehl 1982). Comparisons with descriptions of early explorers indicate that flows of many of the Lake Eyre supergroup springs have also been reduced. The GAB is now in equilibrium between recharge and discharge; that is, no further decrease in spring flow is expected providing no new developments Phragmites australis. This may result in a change to the generally easily accessible to stock. The only recorded introduced species is dambusia, which occurs in a few springs in the Neales River and Frome Creek portions of the Lake Eyre supergroup, and a few scattered Queensland springs. The species range is gradually expanding, primarily through flood dispersal. Dambusia is a major threat to redfinned blue eye and Edgbaston goby at Edgbaston Springs. No efforts have yet been made to eradicate dambusia from any spring. Fortunately, due to its isolation, Dalhousie Springs remains free of exotic fish, however, this could easily change with increased tourism. The large warm pools (32-38/G45C) there would make ideal environments for many tropical fish species. There is considerable debate as to whether fencing springs to prevent animal grazing is threatening or protecting them. The few Lake Eyre supergroup springs which have been fenced have become overgrown with

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED plant and animal communities of unknown proportions W. & Fraser, A. S. Royal Geographical Society of If the springs are not fenced, then they risk being Australasia, South Australian Branch, Adelaide. destroyed by cattle trampling and pollution. There is also pp 10-31. disagreement as to how much grazing occurred on the springs prior to European settlement. Did the spring flora and fauna ever experience grazing? Have the springs had time to come into equilibrium with cattle grazing? Have the springs changed to the point of being dependent upon grazing to maintain aquatic habitats? Phragmites australis tends to decrease water depth by collecting sediment, but it was present before cattle grazing; what was the water depth then? (Although the flow rate was higher then too). We also don’t know how the Aborigines managed the springs. It is thought that they may have used fire to maintain access to the springs or to catch game. Another historical question asks what the springs were like when the mega-fauna roamed them prior to extinction of that fauna about 10,000 years ago? These are challenging management questions, which no one has yet attempted to answer. CONCLUSIONS - The fishes of the Australian desert are in remarkably good condition compared to other deserts of the world such as those of North America. Australia has been fortunate to avoid two of the greatest threats to aquatic desert ecosystems; changes to flow regimes, and introduced species (Rinne & Minckley 1991). Major gaps remain in our knowledge of central Australian fishes. Little is known of the biology and ecology of most species, many of which remain undescribed. Extrapolations are often made from data on populations from elsewhere, yet these may prove to be different species once closely examined. Genetic techniques for sorting out these and other problems are just starting to be applied. There are regular proposals to either dam rivers, or exploit water from the GAB. Presently essentially unregulated, tighter restrictions need to be applied to stocking of native and translocated angling species. Finally, there are no management strategies or interstate agreements (fisheries are managed at the State level, not Federal) in place to deal with any sudden problems that might occur such as an outbreak of an introduced species or any other problem. We need to be diligent in the future in our efforts to maintain the status quo. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - I owe Robert Steele a great debt for the many hours spent producing the figures. Thanks to Dean Hencrickson, Michael Marchette, Dr Peter Moyle, Jim Puckridge and Rob Wager for their comments and useful ideas on earlier drafts. Thanks also to Ross Felix and Bryan Pierce for permission to reproduce their photographs. LITERATURE CITED ALLAN, R. 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DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED freshwater golden perch, Macquaria ambigua and Northern Territory. Geological Survey of (Richardson 1845) (Teleostei: Percichthyidae), and electrophoretic identification of a new species from the Lake Eyre Basin. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43(6): 1585- 1601. NICHOLLS, G. E. 1943. The Phreatoicoidea. Part 1. The Amphisopidae. Papers and Proceedings of REYNOLDS, L. F. 1983. Migration patterns of five fish the Royal Society of Tasmania 1942: 1-145. ORR, T. M. AND MILWARD, N. E. 1984. Australian Journal of Freshwater and Marine Reproduction and development of Neosilurus ater (Perugia) and Neosilurus hyrtlii Steindachner (Teleostei: Plotosidae) in a tropical Queensland stream. Australian Journal of Freshwater and Marine Research 35: 187-195. PICKARD, J. 1992. Artesian springs in the Western Division of New South Wales. The Graduate School of Environment Working Papers Series, Macquarie University Paper No. 9202. pp 123. PICKUP, G., ALLEN, G. & BAKER, V. R. 1988. Australian Naturalist 1(2):47-48. History, paleaeochannels and palaeofloods of the SLUYS, R. 1986. First representative of the order Finke River, central Australia. In, Fluvial Geomorphology of Australia. Ed. Warner, R. F. Academic Press, Sydney. pp 177-200. Australian Museum 19 (18): 399-404. PIERCE, B. E. 1992. Why chase fish in the desert? South Australia’s inland water stock assessment program. SAFISH Magazine 17(1): 4-9. PIERCE, B. E. 1993. “Up the creek” South Australia’s channel country and its major waterways. SAFISH Magazine 17(4): 4-8. PONDER, W. F. 1986. M ound springs of the Great Artesian Basin. In, Limnology of Australia. Eds. DeDeckker, P. & Williams, W. D. CSIRO, Australia and W. Junk, The Hague. pp 403-420. PONDER, W. F. & CLARK, G. A. 1990. A radiation of hydobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western Queensland. Records of the Australia Museum 42(3): 301-363. PONDER, W. F., HERSHLER, R. & JENKINS, B. J. 1989. An endemic radiation of hydrobiid snails from artesian springs in Northern South Australia: their taxonomy, physiology, distribution and anatomy. Malacologia 30(1): 1-140. PUCKRIDGE, J. T., WALKER, K. F., LANGDON, J. S., DALEY, C & BEAKES, G. W. 1989. Mycotic dermatitis in a freshwater gizzard shad, the bony bream, Nematalosa erebi (Gunther), in the River Murray, South Australia. Journal of Fish Diseases 12(3): 205-221. PUCKRIDGE, J. T. & WALKER, K. F. 1990. Reproductive biology and larval development of a gizzard shad, Nematalosa erebi (Gunther) VAN DE GRAAFF, W. J. E., CROWE, R. W. A., (Dorosomatinae: Teleostei). in the River Murray, BUNTING, J. A. & JACKSON, J. 1977 Relict South Australia. Australian Journal of Freshwater and Marine Research 41: 695-712. RANDAL, M. A. 1978. Hydrogeology of the South- Eastern Georgina Basin and environs, Queensland Queensland, Publication No. 366. REID, J. R. W. & PUCKRIDGE, J. T. 1990. C oongie Lakes. In, Natural History of the North-East Deserts. Eds. Tyler, M. J., Twidale, C. R., Davies, M., & Wells, C. B. Royal Society of South Australia, Adelaide. pp 119-131. species in the Murray-Darling River system. Research 34(6): 857-871. RINNE, J. N. & MINCKLEY, W. L. 1991. Native fishes in arid lands: A dwindling resource of the desert Southwest. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-206. pp 45. RUELLO, N. V. 1976. Observations on some fish kills in Lake Eyre. Australian Journal of Freshwater and Marine Research 27: 667-672. SHIPWAY, B. 1947. Rains of fishes? Western Macrostomida in Australia (Platyhelminthes, Macrostomidae). Records of the South SMITH, P. C. 1989. Hydrology. In, Natural History of Dalhousie Springs . Eds. Zeidler, W. & Ponder, W. F. South Australian Museum, Adelaide. pp 27- 40. SPENCER, B. 1896. The Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia. Dulace & Co., London. THOMPSON, G. 1982. Fish collecting on a part round Australia trip. Fishtales 13(7) :6-10. THOMPSON, G. 1983. The desert goby, Chlamydogobius eremius. Fishes of Sahul 1(2): 17-20. UNMACK, P. 1992. Further observations on the conservation status of the redfinned blue-eye. Australian and New Guinea Fishes Association Bulletin 12: 8-9. UNMACK, P. J. (IN PRESS) The unique Cooper Creek catfish from central Australia. Fishes of Sahul. UNMACK, P. & BRUMLEY, C. 1991. In itial observations on the spawning and conservation status of the redfinned blue-eye, (Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis). Fishes of Sahul 6(4): 282-284. U N M A C K , P . J . & W A G E R , R . N . E . ( I n p rep a ) Threatened Fishes of the World, Elizabeth Springs goby, Chlamydogobius sp. UNMACK, P. J. & WAGER, R. N. E. (In prep b) The Elizabeth Springs goby, its aquarium care, habitat and conservation status. early Cainzoic drainage’s in arid Western Australia. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 21(4): 379-400.

VARI, R. P. 1978. The Terapon perches (Percoidei, Teraponidae). A cladistic analysis and taxonomic In, Natural History of Dalhousie Springs. Eds. revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 159(5): 175-340. WAGER, R. 1994. The distribution and status of the red-finned blue eye. Final Report Part B: The distribution of two endangered fish in Queensland. Endangered species unit project number 276. W A G E R , R . N . E . & U N M A C K , P . J . ( I n p rep ) Threatened fishes of the world, Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis. YOUNG, M. 1987. A tank breeding of Mogurnda mogurnda. Fishes of Sahul 4(3): 174-177. ZEIDLER, W. 1991. A new genus and species of phreatic amphipod (Crustacea: Amphipoda) belonging in the “chiltonia” generic group, from Dalhousie Springs, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 115(4): 177-187. ZEIDLER, W. & PONDER, W. F. 1989a. Summary.. Zeidler, W. & Ponder, W. F. South Australian Museum, Adelaide. pp 123. ZEIDLER, W. & PONDER, W. F. 1989b. Conclusions and recommendations. In, Natural History of Dalhousie Springs . Eds. Zeidler, W. & Ponder, W. F. South Australian Museum, Adelaide. pp 125. ZIETZ, A. H. C. 1896a. Pisces. In, Spencer, B. Ed. Report on the work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to central Australia. Part 2. Zoology. London. pp 176-180, pl 16. ZIETZ, A. H. C. 1896b. Description of an additional new species of fish from the Finke and Barcoo Rivers. In, Spencer, B. Ed. Report on the work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to central Australia. Part 2. Zoology. London. pp 410-411, pl 16. (See plates on following pages)

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED Plate 1. Coongie Lake. It dries on average every 7 years. Approximately 8 native and 2 introduced fishes have been recorded. Plate 2. Cooper Creek near Innamincka overflowing its banks during 1990 floods. Photo by B. Pierce.

Plate 3. A pool in the Thompson River at Longreach. After flooding, small pools of water remain for short periods of time. This one, with a maximum depth of 60 cm, contained several thousand fish and was dry two months after this photo was taken. Plate 4. Avington waterhole in the upper Barcoo River near Blackall. Fourteen native and one introduced species were collected when this photo was taken.

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED Plate 5. Macumba River just North of Oodnadatta; a typical central Australian river, most of which are dry except for short periods after rain. Plate 6. The Finke River is thought to have followed the same course for up to 350 million years. Nine native species were recorded on this visit.

Plate 7. Dalhousie Spring number A2, one of the larger springfed pools at Dalhousie springs. Six fish species inhabit this 33/G45/G45C spring. Plate 8. Blanch Cup, southwest of Lake Eyre, is one of the Lake Eyre supergroup springs, and one of the largest mound springs. Desert goby have been introduced. Hamilton Hill (background) is an extinct spring thought to be one million years old.

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED Plate 9. View from Hamilton Hill over Blanch Cup. A vehicle, barely visible on the front, left hand side of the large mound gives an indication of scale. Two smaller mond springs are also present 6 and 7 cm to the left of Blanch Cup. Plate 10. View downstream from the head of Coward Springs of the Lake Eyre supergroup. Up to three fish species have been recorded here, although only the desert goby is permanently resident. Discharge is 2-3 l/s.

Plate 11. The source of one the Edgbaston Springs in the Springsure supergroup and type locality of the redfinned blue eye. Edgbaston goby are also present. Approximately three eighths of the springs is visible. Maximum depth is 4 cm and water temperature fluctuates more diurnally than annually. Plate 12. Outflow channel of one of the Elizabeth Springs in the Springvale supergroup. Elizabeth Springs goby are common here. These springs were recently fenced to prevent further cattle damage.

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED Plate 13. Cooper Creek catfish, 45 cm TL. Plate 14. Dalhousie hardyhead, 6 cm TL. Photo by R. Felix.

Plate 15. Lake Eyre Golden Perch, 30 cm TL. Plate 16. Spangled perch, 15 cm TL. Photo by R. Felix. Plate 17. Dalhousie mogurnda, 8 cm TL. Photo by R. Felix.

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED Plate 18. Female Dalhousie goby, 4 cm TL. HAMILL,JOHN F. (Upper Colorado River Recovery Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, CO 80225) Background and overview of the Recovery Implementation Program for endangered fishes in the upper Colorado River basin Antecedentes y resumen del Programa de Implementación de la Recuperación para peces en peligro en la parte alta de la cuenca del Río Colorado KEYWORDS: Colorado squawfish; humpback chub; bonytail; razorback sucker; upper Colorado River basin; Colorado River; Colorado River Recovery Implementation Program ABSTRACT Four native fishes of the Colorado River system are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act: the Colorado squawfish Ptychocheilus lucius, the humpback chub Gila cypha, the bonytail chub Gila elegans, and the razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus. The Recovery Implementation Program for Endangered Fish Species in the Upper Colorado River Basin (Recovery Program) is a partnership among Federal and State agencies, environmental organizations, and private water development interests whose mission is to recover the endangered fishes in the upper Colorado River basin while allowing for water development to continue. In its first 6 years of existence, major Recovery Program accomplishments include: (1) the operation of several Federal reservoirs has been modified to help meet the instream flow requirements of the fish, (2) water and water rights have been acquired provide instream flows in several critical river reaches; (3) genetic refugia have been established for several of the most endangered fish stocks; (4) interim guidlines have been developed for stocking of non-native fishes in the upper basin, and (5) a broad based information and education effort has been implemented. Over 150 favorable biological opinions have been issued on water depeletion projects since the inception of the Program in 1988. Recovery Program activities are currently focused on acquisition and legal protection of instream flows, expanding refugia for the endangered fish, restoration of flooded bottomland habitats, providing fish passage at several historic diversion structures, control of non-native fish population in selected river reaches, and implementation of an experimental stocking program for the razorback sucker. CLAVES: charal del Colorado; charal jorobado; charalito elegante; matalote jorobado; Cuenca Alta del Río Colorado; Río Colorado; Programa de Implementación de la Recuperación de la Cuenca Alta del Río Colorado RESUMEN Cuatro peces nativos del sistema del Río Colorado están enlistados como especies en peligro de extinción, según el Acta de Especies en Peligro de los Estados Unidos: El charal del Colorado Ptychocheilus lucius, el charal Jorobado Gila cypha , el charalito Elegante Gila elegans , y el Matalote Jorobado Xyrauchen texanus . El programa de implementación de la recuperación para las especies de peces en peligro en la parte alta de la cuenca del Río Colorado

DFC PROCEEDINGS - ABSTRACTS AND CONTRIBUTED PAPERS IN ORDER PRESENTED Plate 18. Female Dalhousie goby, 4 cm TL. HAMILL,JOHN F. (Upper Colorado River Recovery Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, CO 80225) Background and overview of the Recovery Implementation Program for endangered fishes in the upper Colorado River basin Antecedentes y resumen del Programa de Implementación de la Recuperación para peces en peligro en la parte alta de la cuenca del Río Colorado KEYWORDS: Colorado squawfish; humpback chub; bonytail; razorback sucker; upper Colorado River basin; Colorado River; Colorado River Recovery Implementation Program ABSTRACT Four native fishes of the Colorado River system are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act: the Colorado squawfish Ptychocheilus lucius, the humpback chub Gila cypha, the bonytail chub Gila elegans, and the razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus. The Recovery Implementation Program for Endangered Fish Species in the Upper Colorado River Basin (Recovery Program) is a partnership among Federal and State agencies, environmental organizations, and private water development interests whose mission is to recover the endangered fishes in the upper Colorado River basin while allowing for water development to continue. In its first 6 years of existence, major Recovery Program accomplishments include: (1) the operation of several Federal reservoirs has been modified to help meet the instream flow requirements of the fish, (2) water and water rights have been acquired provide instream flows in several critical river reaches; (3) genetic refugia have been established for several of the most endangered fish stocks; (4) interim guidlines have been developed for stocking of non-native fishes in the upper basin, and (5) a broad based information and education effort has been implemented. Over 150 favorable biological opinions have been issued on water depeletion projects since the inception of the Program in 1988. Recovery Program activities are currently focused on acquisition and legal protection of instream flows, expanding refugia for the endangered fish, restoration of flooded bottomland habitats, providing fish passage at several historic diversion structures, control of non-native fish population in selected river reaches, and implementation of an experimental stocking program for the razorback sucker. CLAVES: charal del Colorado; charal jorobado; charalito elegante; matalote jorobado; Cuenca Alta del Río Colorado; Río Colorado; Programa de Implementación de la Recuperación de la Cuenca Alta del Río Colorado RESUMEN Cuatro peces nativos del sistema del Río Colorado están enlistados como especies en peligro de extinción, según el Acta de Especies en Peligro de los Estados Unidos: El charal del Colorado Ptychocheilus lucius, el charal Jorobado Gila cypha , el charalito Elegante Gila elegans , y el Matalote Jorobado Xyrauchen texanus . El programa de implementación de la recuperación para las especies de peces en peligro en la parte alta de la cuenca del Río Colorado

(programa de recuperación) es una sociedad entre las agencias federales y estatales, organizaciones ambientales y desarrollos de aguas privados interesados en recuperar los peces en peligro de la parte alta de la cuenca del Río Colorado, mientras que los desarrollos de usos de agua continúan. En los primeros seis años de existencia las metas principales del programa de recuperación incluyen: (1) la operación de varios reservorios federales que han sido modificados para ayudar a encontrar los requerimientos de flujo de agua del pez, (2) el agua y los derechos de agua que han sido adquiridos, proporcionan flujos de agua en varios ríos críticos, (3) refugios genéticos han sido establecidos para varios de la mayoría de los stocks de peces en peligro; (4) líneas provisionales han sido desarrolladas para reservas de peces no nativos en la cuenca alta, y (5) un intenso esfuerzo de educación y difusión ha sido implementado. Alrededor de 150 opiniones biológicas favorables han sido hechas sobre proyectos de abatimiento de aguas desde el inicio del programa en 1988. Las actividades del programa de recuperación, actualmente están enfocadas en la adquisición y protección legal de flujos de aguas, expansión de refugios para especies en peligro, restauración de hábitats inundables, disposición de pasajes para peces en varias estructuras históricas de desviación de agua, control de poblaciones de especies no nativos en brazo de ríos seleccionados, e implementación de un programa experimental de reservas de Matalote Jorobado.